Table 1 Characteristics of analysis sample at 16 months and 5 years
|  | Sample at 16 months (n = 1858 families; 3716 children) | Sample at 5 years (n = 1010 families; 2020 children) |
|---|---|---|
Child characteristics | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) |
Sex (female) | 1886 (50.8) | 1037 (51.3) |
Birth weight (kg) | 2.47 (0.54) | 2.46 (0.54) |
Birth weight SDS | -0.55 (0.93) | -0.58 (0.92) |
Age at questionnaire completion (twins) | 15.81 (1.14) | 5.15 (0.13) |
Gestational age (weeks) | 36.22 (2.46) | 36.26 (2.44) |
Early feeding method (mostly breastfed) | 1654 (44.5) | 984 (48.7) |
Weight SDS at 16 months1 | -0.08 (1.09) | -0.07 (1.08) |
BMI-SDS at 5 years2 | - | -0.23 (1.10) |
Maternal characteristics | ||
Maternal age at twins’ birth (years) | 33.33 (5.04) | 33.84 (4.75) |
Appetitive traits, mean (SD) | ||
Food responsiveness | 2.27 (0.76) | 2.37 (0.75) |
Emotional overeating | 1.65 (0.59) | 1.57 (0.51) |
Enjoyment of food | 4.18 (0.62) | 3.89 (0.68) |
Satiety responsiveness | 2.68 (0.62) | 2.85 (0.62) |
Slowness in eating | 2.49 (0.65) | 2.82 (0.77) |
Food fussiness | 2.18 (0.70) | 2.77 (0.83) |
Emotional undereating | - | 2.68 (0.84) |
Parental feeding practices, mean (SD) | ||
Emotional feeding | 2.05 (0.72) | 1.70 (0.54) |
Instrumental feeding | 1.35 (0.47) | 2.33 (0.63) |
Pressure to eat | 2.24 (0.73) | 2.75 (0.67) |
Restriction | 5.21 (1.25) | 5.14 (1.10) |
Covert restriction | 3.07 (0.92) | 2.98 (0.80) |
Modelling of healthy eating | 3.41 (0.84) | 3.71 (0.72) |
Encouragement to eat healthy foods | 4.07 (0.61) | 4.13 (0.53) |
Parent control over meals/snacks | 4.45 (0.48) | 4.15 (0.44) |
Monitoring | 3.62 (1.02) | 3.55 (0.91) |
Appetitive traits | Number of pairs with a difference score > 0 n (% of sample) | |
16 months | 5 years | |
Food responsiveness | 731 (39.3) | 487 (48.2) |
Emotional overeating | 194 (10.4) | 123 (12.2) |
Enjoyment of food | 705 (37.9) | 452 (44.8) |
Satiety responsiveness | 858 (46.2) | 595 (58.9) |
Slowness in eating | 835 (44.9) | 622 (61.6) |
Food fussiness | 918 (49.4) | 644 (63.8) |
Emotional undereating | - | 274 (27.1) |
Parental feeding practices | 16 months | 5 years |
Emotional feeding | 43 (2.3) | 19 (1.9) |
Instrumental feeding | 51 (2.7) | 61 (6.0) |
Pressure to eat | 355 (19.1) | 324 (32.1) |
Restriction | 36 (1.9) | 36 (3.6) |
Modelling of healthy eating | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) |
Covert restriction | 5 (0.3) | 5 (0.5) |
Encouragement to eat healthy foods | 13 (0.7) | 37 (3.7) |
Control over meals/snacks | 19 (1.0) | 25 (2.5) |
Monitoring | 6 (0.3) | 14 (1.4) |