Table 3 Outcome frequencies and examples (classified under core area; outcome domain; outcome subdomain) in n=67 articles

Core Area = Physiological/Clinical

 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue outcomes

30

Muscle performance

23

Muscle strength, muscle power, muscle torque, muscle quality, muscle fatigue

Bone

9

Fractures, bone mineral density, bone mineral content, bone strength, bone area

Body composition

8

Muscle mass, muscle area, muscle density, lean mass, fat mass, body fat %, visceral adipose tissue, intramuscular fat area

Other

2

Muscle fiber type assessments, muscle protein synthesis, gene expression (e.g., mTOR, FOXO1, MSTN)

 General outcomes

26

Fall-related

15

Number of falls, cumulative fall incidence, fall rates, number of fallers, proportion of fallers, risk factors for falls (e.g., Physiological Profile Assessment)

Body composition

6

Body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio

Other

8

Balance, postural sway, frailty, components of frailty phenotype (e.g., exhaustion, involuntary weight loss), new diagnoses of chronic disease, quality of well-being

 Injury and poisoning outcomes

8

Fractures, fall-induced fractures, injurious falls, rate of injurious falls, injured fallers, microbleeds

 Cardiac outcomes

7

Cardiorespiratory fitness (e.g., VO2 peak), blood pressure, pulse pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, cardiac output, heart rate, apo B-48

 Endocrine outcomes

5

IGF-1, DHEA-S, PTH, glucose, resistin

 Eye outcomes

1

Contrast sensitivity

 Immune system outcomes

5

CRP, IL-15, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1B, IL-RA, Bad, Bax, Bcl-1, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, GABARAP, TLR-1, RelA, NFKB1, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, caspase-3, NLRP3, LAMP-2, beclin-1, Ser757, phospho-ULK-1, Atg16, Atg12, p62/SQSTMI, LC3II, LC3I, GM-CSF, CD8+/-CD28+/-CD57+/-

 Infection and infestation outcomes

1

Number of infections over time

 Metabolism and nutrition outcomes

4

TRAP, AOPP, FOX, NOx, regional cerebral FDG uptake, 25(OH)D

 Nervous system outcomes

6

Proprioception, reaction time, contraction velocity, muscle activation, white matter hyperintensities, BDNF, incident mild cognitive impairment or dementia, brain functional connectivity

 Psychiatric outcomes

2

Depression, incident mild cognitive impairment or dementia

 Respiratory and thoracic and mediastinal outcomes

7

VO2 peak, VO2 max, inspiratory capacities, expiratory capacities, volumes (e.g., chest well, pulmonary rib cage)

 Vascular outcomes

4

Diastolic blood pressures, systolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, protein apolipoprotein B-48, Maximal a-vO2diff, carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity, carotid artery compliance, carotid diameter, carotid IMT diameter, carotid IMT/lumen diameter, tortuosity ratio, straight venous length, tortuous venous length, microbleeds, vascular endothelial growth factors

Core Area = Life Impact

 Physical functioning

51

Mobility

44

Physical performance (e.g., Short Physical Performance Battery, Timed Up and Go, gait speed, sit-to-stand tests), gait variability and smoothness, mobility disability, life-space

Fall-related

16

Number of falls, cumulative fall incidence, fall rates, number of fallers, proportion of fallers, risk factors for falls

Lifestyle

16

Physical activity behaviour (objective and self-report measures), sedentary behaviour, diet questionnaires, caloric intake

Balance

10

Functional reach, standing balance tests including single leg stance

Quality of life

10

Quality of life assessments (e.g., SF-36, SF-12, SF-8, EQ-5D-5L, Quality of Well-Being Scale)

Other

5

Back scratch test, sit-and-reach tests, time to exhaustion on maximal exercise tests

 Social functioning

8

Quality of life assessments (e.g., SF-36, SF-12, SF-8, EQ-5D-5L, Quality of Well-Being Scale)

 Role functioning

7

Quality of life assessments (e.g., SF-36, SF-12, SF-8, EQ-5D-5L, Quality of Well-Being Scale)

 Emotional functioning/wellbeing

14

Fall-related

9

Falls efficacy, fear of falling, balance confidence

Quality of life

9

Quality of life assessments (e.g., SF-36, SF-12, SF-8, EQ-5D-5L, Quality of Well-Being Scale)

 Cognitive functioning

16

Multiple cognitive functions

10

Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Modified MiniMental State Exam, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Digit Symbol Coding test, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Evaluation revised

Processing speed & executive functioning

8

Trail Making Tests A and B, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, n-back task, Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, task-switching paradigm tests, verbal digit span forward and backward test, Stroop Color-Word Test

Other

5

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, choice step reaction time

 Delivery of care

3

Enjoyment, perceived tolerance, intervention satisfaction, intervention adherence

Core Area = Resource Use

 Economic

3

Quality adjusted life years, intervention costs, health care utilization, health and community and social service use, health care costs, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio

Core Area = Adverse Events

 Adverse events/effects

1

Occurrence of adverse events