Table 5 Criterion and convergent validity of accelerometer-based methods for preschoolers, sorted by methodological study quality, quality of evidence (level of evidence), and study result rating
Study | Study populationa | Outcome(s) & Setting | Comparison measure(s) | Method ological study qualityb | Placement | Device-based methodc | Results | Study result ratingd | Quality of evidencee (level of evidence) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criterion validity | Adolph et al. (2012) [51] | n = 64 Age = 4.5 ± 0.8 (3 to 5) years Sex = 42.2% girls | cpm Laboratory (structured activities) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 method to determine AEE | VG | Chest | Ah-cts-uni-60 | r = .72*** | + | Moderate |
Right hip | RT-cts-VM-60 | r = .80** | + | |||||||
RT-cts-VA-60 | r = .80** | + | ||||||||
RT-cts-HA-60 | r = .78** | + | ||||||||
RT-cts-DA-60 | r = .74** | + | ||||||||
Zakeri et al. (2013) [55] | n = 69 Age = 4.6 ± 1.0 (3 to 5) years Sex = 50.7% girls | Minute-by-minute EE Laboratory (structured activities) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 to determine EE | VG | Right hip | AG-cts-VA-60 | r = .76*** | + | Moderate | |
AG-cts-HA-60 | r = .74*** | + | ||||||||
AG-cts-DA-60 | r = .76*** | + | ||||||||
AG-CSTS-VA/HA/DA/VM-60 | MAPE = 0.3 ± 6.9%, CCC = .93 | + | ||||||||
AG-MARS-VA/HA/DA/VM-60 | MAPE = 0.3 ± 4.8%, CCC = .95 | + | ||||||||
Bélanger et al. (2013) [66] | n = 12 Age = 3.1 ± 1.0 (2 to 5) years Sex = 66.7% girls | Sleep quality: sleep latency, TST, WASO (number), and sleep efficiency Free-living (at home) | Polysomnography to score sleep stages as sleep and wake | VG | Non-dominant wrist (raw data) | Aw-AS-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .96** TST: ICC = .94**, overestimated by 13 min** WASO: ICC = .28, underestimated by 20** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .76**, overestimated by 2 min* Se = 98.7%, Sp = 58.7%, accuracy = 95.6%, NVP = 81.0% | + | Low | |
Aw-ACT40-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .92** TST: ICC = .94**, underestimated by 25 min** WASO: ICC = .42, overestimated by 37** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .73**, underestimated by 4 min** Se = 92.7%, Sp = 69.9%, accuracy = 90.7%, NVP = 47.4% | ± | ||||||||
Aw-ACT80-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .92** TST: ICC = .95* WASO: ICC = .32, overestimated by 25** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .70** Se = 95.8%, Sp = 56.7%, accuracy = 92.4%, NVP = 55.0% | ± | ||||||||
Non-dominant wrist (adjusted data) | Aw-ACT40-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .96** TST: ICC = .94**, underestimated by 58 min** WASO: ICC = .28, overestimated by 35** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .76**, underestimated by 9.4 min** Se = 87.9%, Sp = 81.0%, accuracy = 87.5%, NVP = 39.4% | + | |||||||
Aw-ACT80-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .96** TST: ICC = .97**, underestimated by 21.5 min** WASO: ICC = .36, overestimated by 34** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .82**, underestimated by 3.5 min** Se = 93.4%, Sp = 70.9%, accuracy = 91.4%, NVP = 49.6% | + | ||||||||
Aw-AS-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .93** TST: ICC = .98** WASO: ICC = .36, underestimated by 20** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .90** Se = 97.7%, Sp = 61.2%, accuracy = 95.0%, NVP = 72.1% | ± | ||||||||
Left ankle | Aw-ACT40-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .83** TST: ICC = .94**, underestimated by > 25 min** WASO: ICC = .01, overestimated by 36** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .80**, underestimated by 6.5 min** Se = 90.5%, Sp = 75.1%, accuracy = 89.3%, NVP = 41.7% | ± | |||||||
Aw-ACT80-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .85** TST: ICC = .95** WASO: ICC = .09, overestimated by 28** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .81** Se = 95.0%, Sp = 65.0%, accuracy = 92.1%, NVP = 53.7% | ± | ||||||||
Aw-AS-VA-30 | Sleep latency: ICC = .81** TST: ICC = .91** WASO: ICC = .14, underestimated by 20** Sleep efficiency: ICC = .77** Se = 97.6%, Sp = 57.7%, accuracy = 94.6%, NVP = 76.8% | ± | ||||||||
Roscoe, James, & Duncan (2017) [67] | n = 21 Age = 4.7 ± 0.5 (4 to 5) years Sex = 38.1% girls | Activity intensity: SB (< 2 METs), LPA (2–2.99 METs), and MPA (3–5.99 METs) Laboratory (structured activities) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 to determine EE | VG | Non-dominant wrist | GA-Ro-VM-60 | SB: AUC-ROC = .99, 95% CI (.98 to 1.0), Se = 90%, Sp = 90% LPA: AUC-ROC = .75, 95% CI (.65 to .85), Se = 40%, Sp = 20% MPA: AUC-ROC = .92, 95% CI (.86 to .98), Se = 86%, Sp = 40% | ± (SB + ; PA -) | Low | |
Dominant wrist | GA-Ro-VM-60 | SB: AUC-ROC = .99, 95% CI (.97 to 1.0), Se = 100%, Sp = 10% LPA: AUC-ROC = .76, 95% CI (.60 to .86), Se = 10%, Sp = 85% MPA: AUC-ROC = .90, 95% CI (.83 to .96), Se = 76%, Sp = 40% | - (SB ± ; PA -) | |||||||
Pfeiffer et al. (2006) [53] | n = 18 Age = 4.4 ± 0.7 (3 to 5) years Sex = 61.0% girls | cpm Laboratory (structured activities) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 | VG | Right hip | Ac-cts-omni-60 | Validation r = .89, rsp = .90, R2 = .96, SE = 3.02, AIC = 435.9, ICC = .59, rsp = .80*** | + | Very low | |
Activity intensity: MPA and VPA Free-living (in- and outdoor activities at preschool) | D | Ac-Pf-omni-60 | Cross-validation MPA: accuracy = 73%, κ = .40, modified κ = .46 VPA: accuracy = 85%, κ = .26, modified κ = .71 | PA: ± | ||||||
Pate et al. (2006) [52] | n = 29 Age = 4.4 ± 0.8 (3.3 to 5.9) years Sex = 46.2% girls | cpm Laboratory (structured activities) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 to determine EE | VG | Right hip | AG-cts-VA-60 | Validation rp = .82, R2 = .90, SE = 4.70, AIC = 735.8, ICC = .57, rsp = .66*** | ± | Very low | |
Activity intensity: MVPA and VPA Free-living (in- and outdoor activities at preschool) | D | AG-Pa-VA-60 | Cross-validation MVPA: accuracy = 69%, Se = 96.6%, Sp = 86.2% κ = .36, modified κ = .38 VPA: accuracy = 81%, Se = 65.5%, Sp = 95.4%, κ = .13, modified κ = .62 | PA: - | ||||||
Sijtsma et al. (2013) [54] | n = 30 Age = 3.4 ± 0.3 (3.1 to 4.4) years Sex = 60.0% girls | Mean activity cpm (ACM) and mean total activity counts per day (ACD) Free-living (at home for 5 days) | Indirect calorimetry using DLW to determine TEE; breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 to determine SMR to calculate PAL and AEE | D | Middle lower back | TD-cts-tri-60 | PAL: ACM rp = .61**, ACD rp = 46* - ACM, gender & weight, R2 = .50*; ACD, height, gender & sleep duration, R2 = .48* AEE: ACM rp = .56*, ACD rp = .38 - ACM, R2 = .31*; ACD, gender & sleep duration, R2 = .39* TEE: ACM rp = .34, ACD rp = .21 - Multivariate models with ACM & SMR or ACM, ACD & sleep duration not significant Using 5 or 3 days of data did not provide different results for PAL estimation, MD = -0.02 ± 0.07, LoA (-0.16 to 0.11) | - | Very low | |
Ahmadi et al. (2020) [84] | n = 31 Age = 4.1 ± 1.0 (3 to 5) years Sex = 20% girls | EE Free-living (free play) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 to determine EE | A | Non-dominant wrist | AG-RF-VM-10 | Free-living (FL) model: RMSE = 0.63 (SD = 0.47) kcal/min, RMSE = 0.96 (SD = 0.67) METs, MAPE = 27.4% (SD = 14.0) Retrained lab (RL) model: RMSE = 0.66 (SD = 0.47) kcal/min, RMSE = 1.01 (SD = 0.67) METs, MAPE = 28.3% (SD = 15.0) Existing lab, FL and RL models: mean bias not different from zero, predicted EE within ± 6% of measured EE | ? | Very low | |
AG-SVM-VM-10 | Free-living (FL) model: RMSE = 0.64 (SD = 0.51) kcal/min, RMSE = 0.99 (SD = 0.73) METs, MAPE = 25.4% (SD = 12.2) Retrained lab (RL) model: RMSE = 0.65 (SD = 0.54) kcal/min, RMSE = 0.99 (SD = 0.77) METs, MAPE = 26.0% (SD = 12.6) Existing lab, FL and RL models: mean bias not different from zero, predicted EE within ± 6% of measured EE | ? | ||||||||
Right hip | AG-RF-VM-10 | Free-living (FL) model: RMSE = 0.63 (SD = 0.42) kcal/min, RMSE = 0.96 (SD = 0.59) METs, MAPE = 28.1% (SD = 12.0) Retrained lab (RL) model: RMSE = 0.67 (SD = 0.41) kcal/min, RMSE = 1.02 (SD = 0.57) METs, MAPE = 28.3% (SD = 12.7) FL and RL models: EE overestimated during play sessions with low total EE and underestimated during sessions with high total EE Existing lab models: mean bias not different from zero, predicted EE within ± 6% of measured EE | ? | |||||||
AG-ANN-VM-10 | Free-living (FL) model: RMSE = 0.63 (SD = 0.43) kcal/min, RMSE = 0.96 (SD = 0.61) METs, MAPE = 27.1% (SD = 11.1) Retrained lab (RL) model: RMSE = 0.65 (SD = 0.44) kcal/min, RMSE = 0.99 (SD = 0.62) METs, MAPE = 28.4% (SD = 11.8) Existing lab, FL and RL models: EE overestimated during play sessions with low total EE and underestimated during sessions with high total EE | ? | ||||||||
Steenbock et al. (2019) [88] | n = 41 Age = 4.8 ± 0.8 (3 to 6) years Sex = 46% girls | Absolute (kJ/min) and relative (kg/min/J) EE Free-living (in- and outdoor semi-structured activities at school) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 to determine EE | A | Right hip | AG-LM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.91 (SD = 0.95) kJ/min, RMSE = 124.91 (SD = 30.58) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.70 (SD = 0.39) METs | ? | Very low | |
AG-MLM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.91 (SD = 0.99) kJ/min, RMSE = 125.40 (SD = 31.50) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.70 (SD = 0.40) METs | ? | ||||||||
AG-RF- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.74 (SD = 0.96) kJ/min, RMSE = 115.56 (SD = 27.35) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.56 (SD = 0.36) METs | ? | ||||||||
AG-ANN- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.86 (SD = 0.95) kJ/min, RMSE = 121.51 (SD = 29.57) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.66 (SD = 0.39) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-LM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.89 (SD = 0.95) kJ/min, RMSE = 123.79 (SD = 31.28) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.68 (SD = 0.39) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-MLM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.90 (SD = 0.98) kJ/min, RMSE = 124.70 (SD = 32.95) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.69 (SD = 0.42) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-RF- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.73 (SD = 1.00) kJ/min, RMSE = 112.57 (SD = 28.83) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.53 (SD = 0.38) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-ANN- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.83 (SD = 0.98) kJ/min, RMSE = 118.04 (SD = 29.80) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.66 (SD = 0.43) METs | ? | ||||||||
Left hip | AG-LM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.84 (SD = 0.94) kJ/min, RMSE = 123.64 (SD = 31.82) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.67 (SD = 0.41) METs | ? | |||||||
AG-MLM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.81 (SD = 0.99) kJ/min, RMSE = 123.58 (SD = 31.94) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.67 (SD = 0.41) METs | ? | ||||||||
AG-RF- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.60 (SD = 0.97) kJ/min, RMSE = 112.32 (SD = 28.40) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.52 (SD = 0.38) METs | ? | ||||||||
AG-ANN- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.78 (SD = 1.01) kJ/min, RMSE = 116.89 (SD = 28.41) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.63 (SD = 0.42) METs | ? | ||||||||
Right wrist | GA-LM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.85 (SD = 0.83) kJ/min, RMSE = 125.60 (SD = 28.52) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.69 (SD = 0.38) METs | ? | |||||||
GA-MLM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.83 (SD = 0.87) kJ/min, RMSE = 125.42 (SD = 28.74) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.69 (SD = 0.38) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-RF- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.56 (SD = 0.83) kJ/min, RMSE = 109.34 (SD = 26.98) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.48 (SD = 0.37) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-ANN- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.74 (SD = 0.88) kJ/min, RMSE = 115.91 (SD = 28.55) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.62 (SD = 0.40) METs | ? | ||||||||
Non-dominant wrist | GA-LM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.83 (SD = 0.86) kJ/min, RMSE = 125.21 (SD = 27.38) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.70 (SD = 0.37) METs | ? | |||||||
GA-MLM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.83 (SD = 0.89) kJ/min, RMSE = 124.91 (SD = 27.58) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.69 (SD = 0.38) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-RF- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.56 (SD = 0.83) kJ/min, RMSE = 108.64 (SD = 26.33) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.47 (SD = 0.36) METs | ? | ||||||||
GA-ANN- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.72 (SD = 0.91) kJ/min, RMSE = 114.01 (SD = 27.88) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.61 (SD = 0.44) METs | ? | ||||||||
Right thigh | aP-LM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.94 (SD = 0.91) kJ/min, RMSE = 126.22 (SD = 29.46) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.69 (SD = 0.38) METs | ? | |||||||
aP-MLM- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.92 (SD = 0.95) kJ/min, RMSE = 125.96 (SD = 29.86) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.69 (SD = 0.39) METs | ? | ||||||||
aP-RF- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 2.76 (SD = 0.94) kJ/min, RMSE = 115.61 (SD = 27.93) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.56 (SD = 0.38) METs | ? | ||||||||
aP-ANN- HA/VA/DA-30 | RMSE = 3.08 (SD = 1.00) kJ/min, RMSE = 125.98 (SD = 31.50) J/min/kg, RMSE = 1.81 (SD = 0.40) METs | ? | ||||||||
Butte et al. (2014) [75] | n = 50 Age = 4.5 ± 0.8 (3 to 5) years Sex = 50.0% girls | cpm Laboratory (structured activities) | Indirect calorimetry using breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 to determine minute-by-minute EE | I | Right hip | AG-CSTS-VA/HA/DA/VM-60 | MAPE = -0.2 ± 6.7%, MAE = -0.005 ± 0.07 kcal/min, RMSE = 0.07 kcal/min, R2 = .88 | + | Very low | |
AG-MARS-VA/HA/DA/VM-60 | MAPE = 1.1 ± 6.6%, MAE = 0.009 ± 0.07 kcal/min, RMSE = 0.07 kcal/min | ? | ||||||||
n = 105 Age = 4.6 ± 0.9 years Sex = 66.7% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MPA, and VPA Free-living | Indirect calorimetry using DLW to determine AEE | I | AG-B-VM-60 | accuracy = 70% SB: Sp = 83% LPA: Sp = 64% MPA: Sp = 35% VPA: Sp = 38% MVPA collapsed: accuracy = 74% | - (SB + ; PA -) | ||||
AG-B-HA-60 | accuracy = 68% SB: Sp = 82% LPA: Sp = 58% MPA: Sp = 37% VPA: Sp = 27% MVPA collapsed: accuracy = 71% | - (SB + ; PA -) | ||||||||
Chest | Ah-B-HA-60 | accuracy = 70%; Sp: SB: Sp = 81% LPA: Sp = 64% MPA: Sp = 48% VPA: Sp = 39% MVPA collapsed: accuracy = 74% | - (SB + ; PA -) | |||||||
Convergent validity | Sirard et al. (2005) [81] | n = 269 (n = 69 3-, n = 125 4-, n = 75 5-year-olds) Sex = 58% 3-, 52% 4-, 52% 5-year-old girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MPA and VPA Free-living (at preschool) | DVO using CARS to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless or with trunk/limb movements; LPA: slow/easy movement; MPA: moderate movement; VPA: fast movement) by a single rater (beginning and end of video by four additional raters) | VG | Right hip | AG-Si-VA-15 | Total counts: rp = .58*** SB: rp = .70***, Se (94.4 to 100%), Sp (91.7 to 100%) LPA: rp = .59*** VPA: rp = .61***, Se (95.8 to 100%), Sp (80.0 to 83.3%) MPA: rp = .50***, Se (86.7 to 94.4%), Sp (66.7 to 100%) MVPA: rp = .46*** | + (SB + ; PA +) | High (level 1) |
Peirera et al. (2020) [74] | n = 60 Age = 2.7 ± 0.4 (1.8 to 3.5) years Sex = 50% girls | % time spent in SB Free-living (at childcare) | aP-PRE-uni-n.r. at right thigh (SB: sitting/lying) | VG | Hip | All outside the ± 10% equivalent interval of (-4.05 to 4.05) | Moderate (level 2) | |||
AG-C-VA-5 | bias = -5.11, 90% CI (-7.90 to -2.32) | ? | ||||||||
AG-Ev-VA-15 | bias = 8.15, 90% CI (5.44 to 10.86) | ? | ||||||||
AG-T12-VA-15 | bias = 4.46, 90% CI (1.65 to 7.28) | ? | ||||||||
AG-K-VA-15 | bias = -7.95, 90% CI (-11.01 to -4.89) | ? | ||||||||
AG-Pa-VA-15 | bias = 6.17, 90% CI (3.40 to 8.93) | ? | ||||||||
AG-Pa2-VA-15 | bias = -9.26, 90% CI (-12.32 to -6.21) | ? | ||||||||
AG-Re-VA-60 | bias = -40.52, 90% CI (-43.82 to -37.22) | ? | ||||||||
AG-Si-VA-15 | bias = -15.07, 90% CI (-18.16 to -11.97) | ? | ||||||||
AG-vC-VA-15 | bias = -18.71, 90% CI (-21.89 to -15.54) | ? | ||||||||
Dobell et al. (2019) [58] | n = 62 Age = 3.5 ± 0.5 (3 to 5) years Sex = 45.5% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, and MVPA Free-living (free-play in nursery) | DO using OSRAC-P (modified) to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary/ motionless; LPA: stationary torso with limb and slow/easy movement; MVPA: moderate and fast movement) by two independent raters | VG | Non-dominant wrist | AG-cts-VM-5/10/15/30 | rsp = .34, R2 = .11* (5 s) to rsp = .48, R2 = .23* (30 s) SB: AUC-ROC (.71 to .78), Se (.64 to .68), Sp (.64 to .78) LPA: AUC-ROC (.55 to .56), Se (.74 to .80), Sp (.33 to .43) MVPA: AUC-ROC (.67 to .78), Se (.63 to .80), Sp (.80 to .82) | - (SB -; PA -) | Moderate (level 2) | |
Right hip | AG-cts-VA-5/10/15/30 | rsp = .38, R2 = .16* (5 s) to rsp = .52, R2 = .27* (10 s) SB: AUC-ROC (.69 to .77), Se (.61 to .72), Sp (.69 to .72) LPA: AUC-ROC (.53 to .54), Se (.59 to .76), Sp (.39 to .50) MVPA: AUC-ROC (.71 to .81), Se (.55 to .70), Sp (.77 to .79) | - (SB -; PA -) | |||||||
AG-cts-VM-5/10/15/30 | rsp = .40, R2 = .16* (5 s) to rsp = .55, R2 = .30* (30 s) SB: AUC-ROC (.73 to .79), Se (.69 to .72), Sp (.67 to .75) LPA: AUC-ROC = .55, Se (.78 to .82), Sp (.35 to .36) MVPA: AUC-ROC (.72 to .82), Se (.68 to .78), Sp (.62 to .79) | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
Ahmadi, Pavey, & Trost (2020) [85] | n = 31 Age = 4.0 ± 0.9 (3 to 5) years Sex = 29.0% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MVPA, run and walk Free-living (20 min active play session) | DVO using customized scheme to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: sitting/lying down, and stationary, motionless; LPA: standing, stationary, movement of the limbs/trunk, easy translocation, MPA: moderate and fast translocation; walk: translocation, medium speed; run: translocation (very) fast) | VG | Right hip | AG-RF-VM-1 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 70.6%, + temporal features: F-score = 75.8% SB: F-score = 73.3%, + temporal: F-score = 80.0% LPA: F-score = 76.0%, + temporal: F-score = 80.4% MVPA: F-score = 61.0%, + temporal: F-score = 65.2% Walk: F-score = 55.7%, + temporal: F-score = 62.9% Run: F-score = 53.1%, + temporal: F-score = 67.2% | - | Low (level 1) | |
AG-RF-VM-5 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 79.5%, + temporal features: F-score = 82.2% SB: F-score = 80.6%, + temporal: F-score = 85.7% LPA: F-score = 82.7%, + temporal: F-score = 85.6% MVPA: F-score = 75.5%, + temporal: F-score = 76.3% Walk: F-score = 69.8%, + temporal: F-score = 68.8% Run: F-score = 71.2%, + temporal: F-score = 72.8% | - (incl. temp oral ±) | ||||||||
AG-RF-VM-10 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 83.1%, + temporal features: F-score = 85.3% SB: F-score = 82.3%, + temporal: F-score = 87.6% LPA: F-score = 85.7%, + temporal: F-score = 87.9% MVPA: F-score = 77.6%, + temporal: F-score = 76.4% Walk: F-score = 80.7%, + temporal: F-score = 81.0% Run: F-score = 74.4%, + temporal: F-score = 73.6% | ± | ||||||||
AG-RF-VM-15 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 84.0%, + temporal features: F-score = 85.9% SB: F-score = 85.0%, + temporal: F-score = 87.7% LPA: F-score = 86.8%, + temporal: F-score = 88.2% MVPA: F-score = 75.3%, + temporal: F-score = 78.5% Walk: F-score = 78.4%, + temporal: F-score = 79.4% Run: F-score = 80.0%, + temporal: F-score = 82.6% | ± | ||||||||
Non-dominant wrist | AG-RF-VM-1 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 62.6%, + temporal features: F-score = 68.8% SB: F-score = 63.3%, + temporal: F-score = 69.2% LPA: F-score = 71.4%, + temporal: F-score = 75.5% MVPA: F-score = 45.7%, + temporal: F-score = 57.5% Walk: F-score = 45.9%, + temporal: F-score = 54.8% Run: F-score = 55.1%, + temporal: F-score = 61.6% | - | |||||||
AG-RF-VM-5 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 70.8%, + temporal features: F-score = 75.5% SB: F-score = 69.3%, + temporal: F-score = 78.% LPA: F-score = 76.5%, + temporal: F-score = 80.1% MVPA: F-score = 60.9%, + temporal: F-score = 66.9% Walk: F-score = 60.7%, + temporal: F-score = 60.3% Run: F-score = 68.5%, + temporal: F-score = 68.8% | - | ||||||||
AG-RF-VM-10 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 74.5%, + temporal features: F-score = 80.0% SB: F-score = 73.7%, + temporal: F-score = 82.4% LPA: F-score = 79.1%, + temporal: F-score = 82.9% MVPA: F-score = 62.0%, + temporal: F-score = 70.3% Walk: F-score = 68.8%, + temporal: F-score = 70.8% Run: F-score = 73.4%, + temporal: F-score = 71.5% | - (incl. temp oral ±) | ||||||||
AG-RF-VM-15 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 77.3%, + temporal features: F-score = 80.6% SB: F-score = 78.2%, + temporal: F-score = 83.3% LPA: F-score = 81.2%, + temporal: F-score = 83.7% MVPA: F-score = 62.1%, + temporal: F-score = 70.7% Walk: F-score = 70.5%, + temporal: F-score = 69.0% Run: F-score = 82.4%, + temporal: F-score = 82.4% | - (incl. temp oral ±) | ||||||||
Right hip + Non-dominant wrist | AG-RF-VM-1 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 72.5%, + temporal features: F-score = 76.8% SB: F-score = 75.8%, + temporal: F-score = 80.8% LPA: F-score = 77.7%, + temporal: F-score = 81.0% MVPA: F-score = 62.1%, + temporal: F-score = 66.7% Walk: F-score = 58.4%, + temporal: F-score = 64.9% Run: F-score = 64.5%, + temporal: F-score = 67.9% | - | |||||||
AG-RF-VM-5 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 79.6%, + temporal features: F-score = 82.1% SB: F-score = 81.6%, + temporal: F-score = 86.0% LPA: F-score = 82.8%, + temporal: F-score = 85.6% MVPA: F-score = 74.3%, + temporal: F-score = 74.5% Walk: F-score = 70.1%, + temporal: F-score = 69.5% Run: F-score = 71.7%, + temporal: F-score = 72.5% | - (incl. temp oral ±) | ||||||||
AG-RF-VM-10 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 83.2%, + temporal features: F-score = 85.3% SB: F-score = 83.9%, + temporal: F-score = 87.5% LPA: F-score = 85.8%, + temporal: F-score = 87.9% MVPA: F-score = 75.6%, + temporal: F-score = 77.2% Walk: F-score = 79.5%, + temporal: F-score = 80.7% Run: F-score = 74.9%, + temporal: F-score = 73.0% | - (incl. temp oral ±) | ||||||||
AG-RF-VM-15 | Time and frequency features: F-score = 84.3%, + temporal features: F-score = 86.4% SB: F-score = 85.5%, + temporal: F-score = 88.7% LPA: F-score = 86.4%, + temporal: F-score = 88.4% MVPA: F-score = 77.1%, + temporal: F-score = 78.0% Walk: F-score = 78.1%, + temporal: F-score = 79.8% Run: F-score = 86.6%, + temporal: F-score = 86.8% | ± | ||||||||
Hislop et al. (2012) [70] | n = 31 Age = 4.4 ± 0.8 years Sex = 51.6% girls | cpm and % time spent in MVPA Free-living (unstructured outdoor free play during preschool) | DVO using CARS (modified) to score activity type and derive activity intensity (MVPA: moderate/fast translocation) by one rater | VG | Right hip | AG-cts-VA-15 | rsp = .39* | - | Low (level 1) | |
RT-cts-VM-15 | rsp = .56** | - | ||||||||
AG-Si-VA-15 | MD = 0.8 min* | ? | ||||||||
RT-Swr-VM-15 | MD = -12.2 min* | ? | ||||||||
RT-Slj-VM-15 | MD = 0 min | ? | ||||||||
Hislop et al. (2012) [61] | n = 31 Age = 4.4 ± 0.8 years Sex = 51.6% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, and MVPA Free-living (unstructured outdoor free play during preschool) | DVO using CARS to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless or with movement of limbs/trunk; LPA: easy translocation; MVPA: moderate/fast translocation) by one rater | VG | Right hip | AG-Ev-VA-15 | SB: MD = 13.2, LoA (-2.2 to 28.6)** | ? | Low (level 1) | |
AG-Si-VA-15 | SB: MD = -7.2, LoA (-20.2 to 5.7)**; LPA: MD = 6.3, LoA (-6.0 to 18.6)** MVPA: MD = 0.8, LoA (-6.2 to 7.8) | ? | ||||||||
AG-Puy-VA-15 | SB: MD = 0.4, LoA (-13.25 to 13.99); LPA: MD = -2.2, LoA (-15.0 to 10.5) MVPA: MD = 1.7, LoA (-8.0 to 11.5) | ? | ||||||||
AG-vC-VA-15 | SB: MD = -8.2, LoA (-22.7 to 6.2)**; LPA: MD = 11.4, LoA (-1.4 to 24.2)** MVPA: MD = -3.3, LoA (-11.8 to 5.3)** | ? | ||||||||
AG-Pa-VA-15 | MVPA: MD = -8.7, LoA (-19.9 to 2.5)** | ? | ||||||||
AG-Re-VA-15 | SB: MD = -3.6, LoA (-17.6 to 10.4)** | ? | ||||||||
Hislop et al. (2016) [76] | n = 32 Age = 4.20 ± 0.5 (3 to 5) years Sex = 34.4% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MVPA and total PA Free-living (free-play in nursery) | DVO using CARS (modified) to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless; LPA: stationary, movement of the trunk/limbs and easy translocation; MVPA: moderate and fast translocation) | VG | Non-dominant wrist | AG-J13-VM-5 | Total PA: MD = 1.1, LoA (-9.9 to 12.1) Locomotion CARS vs. high intensity: MD = -2.0, LoA (-9.4 to 5.4) No clear agreement MVPA: MD = -9.3, LoA (-20.0 to 1.5); Locomotion vs. high wrist estimate: MD = 3.4, LoA (-3.1 to 10.0); Standing vs. low wrist estimate: MD = 2.8, LoA (-10.3 to 16.4) | ? | Low (level 1) | |
Waist | AG-Ev-VA-5 | No clear agreement: Total PA: MD = 6.3, LoA (-8.8 to 21.4); MVPA: MD = -3.8, LoA (-10.7 to 3.1); Locomotion: MD = 3.4, LoA (-3.1 to 10.0); Standing: MD = 2.8, LoA (-10.3 to 16.4) | ? | |||||||
Martin et al. (2011) [72] | n = 23 Age = 4.5 ± 0.7 years Sex = 60.9% girls | SB and total PA Free-living | aP-PRE-uni-n.r. at right thigh (SB: sitting/lying, and quiet standing) | VG | Right hip | AG-Re-VA-60 | rsp = .66***, MD = -2.1 ± 4.6%, LoA (-11.4 to 7.2%)* Corrected (counts increased by 9%): rsp = .68***, MD = -4.3 ± 4.8%, LoA (-14.0 to 5.4%)*** | + | Low (level 2) | |
van Cauwenberghe et al. (2012) [64] | n = 49 Age = 4.0 ± 0.5 (3 to 4) years Sex = 55.1% girls | SB and total PA Free-living (at childcare) | aP-PRE-uni-n.r. at right thigh (SB: sitting/lying) | VG | Right hip | Ac-Ev-omni-15 | accuracy = 73.0%, κ = .46, 95% CI (.45 to .47) MD = 1.3 min; 0.1%, LoA (-59.4 to 61.9); 39.2% | - | Low (level 2) | |
Kahan, Nicaise, & Reuben (2013) [71] | n = 12 Age = 4.7 ± 0.3 years Sex = 75.0% girls | Activity intensity: SB and MVPA Free-living (unstructured outdoor free play) | DO using OSRAC-P to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless or with limb/trunk movement, light activity; MVPA: moderate/ vigorous activity) scored by one rater | VG | Right hip | AG-Si-VA-5 | accuracy = 81.2, 95% CI (79.2 to 83.1), κ = .48 SB: Se = 81.4%, Sp = 50.7%, bias = -8.1% MVPA: Se = 35.8%, Sp = 87.6%, bias = 4.7% | ± (SB ± ; PA ±) | Low (level 2) | |
AG-vC-VA-5 | accuracy = 78.5, 95% CI (76.4 to 80.3), κ = .48 SB: Se = 80.0%, Sp = 52.4%, bias = -8.6% MVPA: Se = 53.9%, Sp = 79.1%, bias = -5.3% | - (SB ± ; PA -) | ||||||||
AG-Ev-VA-5 | accuracy = 79.9, 95% CI (77.5 to 82.1), κ = .58 SB: Se = 75.2%, Sp = 66.4%, bias = 36.3%*** MVPA: Se = 54.8%, Sp = 78.9%, bias = -5.9% | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
AG-Pa-VA-5 | accuracy = 77.2, 95% CI (74.9 to 79.4), κ = .53 SB: Se = 50.0%, Sp = 58.7%, bias = 33.2%*** MVPA: Se = 62.7%, Sp = 72.2%, bias = -15.8%*** | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
Alhassan et al. (2017) [56] | n = 33 Age = 4.4 ± 0.8 (2.9 to 5) years Sex = 36.4% girls | Counts Free-living (at preschool) | Aw-cts-uni-15 at non-dominant wrist | VG | Waist | AG-cts-VA-15 | rsp = .41*** | - | Low (level 2) | |
Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MPA, and VPA Free-living (at preschool) | DO using OSRAC-P (modified) to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless or with trunk/limb movement; LPA: easy translocation; MPA: moderate translocation; VPA: vigorous translocation) by one rater | A VG (for MVPA) | AG-cts-VA-15 | rsp = .47*** | - | Low (MVPA) Very low (rest) (level 2) | ||||
AG-Si-VA-15 | accuracy = 50.3%, κ = .13, κw = .19 SB: accuracy = 62.7%, κ = .26, Se = 87.4%, Sp = 38.2% LPA: accuracy = 65.0%, κ = .01, Se = 18.5%, Sp = 82.2% MPA: accuracy = 86.3%, κ = .06, Se = 10.0%, Sp = 95.1% VPA: accuracy = 86.5%, κ = .06, Se = 5.3%, Sp = 98.5% MVPA: accuracy = 76.9%, κ = .15, Se = 16.2%, Sp = 95.2% | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
AG-Pa-VA-15 | accuracy = 44.1%, κ = .21, κw = .32 SB: accuracy = 61.5%, κ = 0.40, Se = 60.1%, Sp = 79.7% LPA: accuracy = 60.7%, κ = .13, Se = 51.1%, Sp = 64.3% MPA: accuracy = 80.3%, κ = .09, Se = 24.0%, Sp = 86.8% VPA: accuracy = 86.1%, κ = .19, Se = 18.0%, Sp = 96.2% MVPA: accuracy = 75.3%, κ = .27, Se = 39.8%, Sp = 86.0% | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
Non-dominant wrist | Aw-cts-uni-15 | rsp = .47*** | - | |||||||
Aw-Ek-uni-15 | accuracy = 50.3%, κ = .13, κw = .19 SB: accuracy = 65.47%, κ = 0.31, Se = 41.5%, Sp = 89.1% LPA: accuracy = 53.8%, κ = .10, Se = 62.3%, Sp = 50.7% MPA: accuracy = 82.8%, κ = .11, Se = 22.0%, Sp = 89.7% VPA: accuracy = 86.3%, κ = .31, Se = 33.9%, Sp = 94.0% MVPA: accuracy = 77.5%, κ = .35, Se = 46.9%, Sp = 86.8% | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
Ahmadi et al. (2020) [83] | n = 31 Age = 4.0 ± 0.9 (3 to 5) years Sex = 29% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MVPA, run, and walk Free-living (play session) | DVO using customized scheme to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: sitting/lying down, and stationary, motionless; LPA: standing, stationary, movement of the limbs/trunk, easy translocation, MPA: moderate and fast translocation; walk: translocation, medium speed; run: translocation (very) fast) | A | Non-dominant wrist | AG-RF-VM-15 | accuracy = 59.1%, 95% CI (57.1 to 61.1%), κ = .37 SB: accuracy = 76.8% LPA: accuracy = 57.5% MVPA: accuracy = 83.6% Walk: accuracy = 14.8% Run: accuracy = 68.7% Excl. multiple activities: walk accuracy (14.8 to 43.8%) and run accuracy (68.7 to 100%) | - (SB -; PA -) | Very low (level 1) | |
AG-SVM-VM-15 | accuracy = 59.3%, 95% CI (57.3 to 61.3%), κ = .37 SB: accuracy = 76.8% LPA: accuracy = 58.3% MVPA: accuracy = 82.6% Walk: accuracy = 12.3% Run: accuracy = 70.1% Excl. multiple activities: walk accuracy (12.3 to 45.8%) and run accuracy (70.1 to 100%) | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
Right hip | AG-RF-VM-15 | accuracy = 69.4%, 95% CI (67.4 to 71.2%), κ = .48 SB: accuracy = 71.7% LPA: accuracy = 79.3% MVPA: accuracy = 71.3% Walk: accuracy = 10.4% Run: accuracy = 74.5% Excl. multiple activities: walk accuracy (10.4 to 29.2%) and run accuracy (74.5 to 100%) | - (SB -; PA -) | |||||||
AG-SVM-VM-15 | accuracy = 66.4%, 95% CI (64.4 to 68.3%), κ = .45 SB: accuracy = 77.7% LPA: accuracy = 71.1% MVPA: accuracy = 73.0% Walk: accuracy = 8.9% Run: accuracy = 65.8% Excl. multiple activities: walk accuracy (8.9 to 33.3%) and run accuracy (65.8 to 100%) | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
Trost et al. (2018) [89] | n = 11 Age = 4.8 ± 0.87 (3 to 6) years Sex = 55% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MVPA, run, and walk Laboratory (semi-standardized activities | DO to score activity type and determine activity intensity based on preschool-specific MET thresholds (SB < 1.5 METs, LPA 1.5–2.7, MPA 2.8–3.4 VPA ≥ 3.5) | A | Non-dominant wrist | AG-SVM-VM-15 | accuracy = 80.4%, 95% CI (78.9 to 81.9%), κw = .73, CV κw = .78 SB: accuracy = 90.0% LPA: accuracy = 73.7% MVPA: accuracy = 78.6% Walk: accuracy = 70.6% Run: accuracy = 71.2% | + (SB + ; PA -) | Very low (level 2) | |
AG-RF-VM-15 | accuracy = 78.1%, 95% CI (76.6 to 79.9%), κw = .70, CV κw = .76 SB: accuracy = 89.1% LPA: accuracy = 68.7% MVPA: accuracy = 79.1% Walk: accuracy = 61.1% Run: accuracy = 68.8% | ± (SB + ; PA -) | ||||||||
AG-T18-VA-15 | κw = .64 | - | ||||||||
AG-T18-VM-15 | κw = .49 | - | ||||||||
Right hip | AG-SVM-VM-15 | accuracy = 81.3%, 95% CI (79.9 to 82.8%), κw = .74, CV κw = .82 SB: accuracy = 94.0% LPA: accuracy = 76.8% MVPA: accuracy = 76.0% Walk: accuracy = 63.5% Run: accuracy = 69.8% | + (SB + ; PA -) | |||||||
AG-RF-VM-15 | accuracy = 80.2%, 95% CI (79.9 to 81.6%), κw = .72, CV κw = .81 SB: accuracy = 93.2% LPA: accuracy = 72.1% MVPA: accuracy = 76.7% Walk: accuracy = 61.1% Run: accuracy = 73.0% | ± (SB + ; PA -) | ||||||||
AG-T18-VA-15 | κw = .65 | - | ||||||||
AG-T18-VM-15 | κw = .61 | - | ||||||||
Non-dominant wrist + hip | AG-SVM-VM-15 | accuracy = 85.2%, 95% CI (83.8 to 86.5%), κw = .80, CV κw = .84 SB: accuracy = 94.7% LPA: accuracy = 80.2% MVPA: accuracy = 81.7% Walk: accuracy = 69.7% Run: accuracy = 82.3% | + (SB + ; PA +) | |||||||
AG-RF-VM-15 | accuracy = 81.8%, 95% CI (80.4 to 83.2%), κw = .75, CV κw = .81 SB: accuracy = 93.0% LPA: accuracy = 73.9% MVPA: accuracy = 80.7% Walk: accuracy = 63.0% Run: accuracy = 75.3% | + (SB + ; PA +) | ||||||||
Finn & Specker (2000) [60] | n = 40 Age = (3 to 4) years Sex = 60% girls | Mean activity counts (3-min) Free-living | DVO using CARS (3-min average) to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless or with movement of limbs/trunk; LPA: easy translocation; MVPA: moderate/fast translocation) by two independent raters | D | Waist | Aw-cts-uni-60 | r = .03 to r = .92 (median = .74) More active children higher association between CARS and counts: within-child correlation coefficients vs. CARS r = .37* or counts r = .31 | PA: - | Very low (level 1) | |
Brønd et al. (2020) [86] | n = 29 Age = 4.4 (3 to 6) years Sex = n.r. % girls | Activity type: Sit, stand, run, walk, and bike Free-living (structured activities at school) | DO to score activity type (sit: on floor/chair playing; stand: stand close to table playing; run: run together with instructor; walk: walks together with instructor; bike: on running bike) by one rater | D | Thigh | AX-DT-HA/VA/DA-2 | Sit: Se = 100%, Sp = 100% Stand: Se = 100%, Sp = 99.8% Bike (sitting bike): Se = 64.8%, Sp = 100% Walk: Se = 82.6%, Sp = 98.1% Run: Se = 92.4%, Sp = 95.0% | + | Very low (level 2) | |
Zhao et al. (2013) [90] | n = 69 Age = (3 to 5) years Sex = 55% girls | Activity type: Sleep, rest, quiet play, low active play, moderately active play, and very active play Laboratory (structured activities) | DO to score activity type (sleep: lying and sleeping; rest: watching tv, quiet play: sitting while coloring, puzzle, video game; low active play: stand and play; moderately active play: standing while ball toss, active video game, dance; very active play: running in place) | D | Right hip | AG-SVM -VA/HA/DA/VM-60 | accuracy = 75.3% Sleep: accuracy = 91.44% Rest: accuracy = 65.66% Quiet play: accuracy = 74.07% Low active play: accuracy = 68.49% Moderately active play: accuracy = 93.73% Very active play: accuracy = 98.73% Misclassification highest for sleep (31.6%) and quiet play (33.0%) | ± | Very low (level 2) | |
AG-MLR—VA/HA/DA/VM-60 | accuracy (67.2 to 73.2%) | - | ||||||||
Hagenbuchner et al. (2015) [87] | n = 11 Age = 4.8 ± 0.87 (3 to 6) years Sex = 55% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MVPA, run, and walk Laboratory (activity trials) | DO to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: watching tv, tablet/computer, reading, quiet play; LPA: clean up toys, standing art, treasure hunt; MVPA: bicycle riding, obstacle course, active game; walk: walk at self-selected pace; run: run at self-selected speed) | D | Right hip | AG-MLP-VM-60 | accuracy = 69.7% SB: accuracy = 81.8% LPA: accuracy = 78.8% MVPA: accuracy = 63.6% Walk: accuracy = 36.4% Run: accuracy = 45.5% | - (SB + ; PA -) | Very low (level 2) | |
AG-SOM-VM-60 | accuracy = 53.8% SB: accuracy = 59.1% LPA: accuracy = 57.6% MVPA: accuracy = 66.7% Walk: accuracy = 36.4% Run: accuracy = 0.0% | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
AG-DLEN-VM-60 | accuracy = 82.6% SB: accuracy = 84.1% LPA: accuracy = 90.9% MVPA: accuracy = 78.8% Walk: accuracy = 72.7% Run: accuracy = 72.7% | ± (SB + ; PA -) | ||||||||
de Bock et al. (2010) [68] | n = 33 Age = 3.5 ± 0.8 (boys); 4.3 ± 1.1 (girls) years Sex = 36.36% girls | Activity intensity: SB and MVPA Free-living (at preschool) | DO using CARS to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless or with trunk/limb movement; MVPA: easy, moderate, and fast translocation) by five independent raters | D | Chest | Ah-dB-VA-15 | Calibration MVPA: AUC-ROC = .86 SB: AUC-ROC = .79 Cross-validation SB: accuracy 67% (boys), 69% (girls); Sp = 52% (boys), 61% (girls); Se = 78% (boys), 75% (girls) MVPA: accuracy = 84% (boys), 87% (girls) | - (SB -; PA +) | Very low (level 2) | |
Fairweather et al. (1999) [59] | n = 11 Age = 3.7 ± 0.5 years Sex = 72.7% girls | Mean cpm Free-living (exercise class) | DO using 1-min average CPAF score (ranging from 1 to 4) scored by one rater | D | Right hip | CSA-cts-uni-60 | r = .87***, rsp = .79** | PA: + | Very low (level 2) | |
n = 10 Age = 4.0 ± 0.4 years Sex = 90% girls | CSA at left hip | r = .92**, MD = 31 (SD = 64, 95% CI (1 to 61)*, rsp = .97** Relative PA assessment largely unaffected by location | PA: + | |||||||
Klesges & Klesges (1987) [62] | n = 28 Age = 33.9 ± 8.0 months Sex = 43.3% girls | Total PA (all-day) and hourly PA Free-living (unstructured activities) | DO using FATS to score behavior and intensity | D | Left hip | CPAC-cts-uni-n.r | r = .54*** (total PA); r = .62** to .95*** (hourly PA) Behavior: lying rsp = -.37; sitting rsp = -.26; standing rsp = .60**; walking rsp = .50**; running rsp = .37 Intensity: minimal rsp = -.51**; moderate rsp = .51**; extreme rsp = .40* Summary: correlations higher for older children (< 32.5 months rsp = .39; > 32.5 months rsp = .80***), girls (rsp = ,67*, boys rsp = .43), and obese children (rsp = .75*, normal weight rsp = .46*) | PA: ± | Very low (level 2) | |
Klesges et al. (1985) [63] | n = 30 Age = 47.7 ± 12.5 months Sex = 40% girls | Total PA Free living (free play) | DO using FATS to score behavior and intensity | D | Left hip | CPAC-cts-uni-n.r | Behavior: r = .38*, rsp = .28: lying r = .17, rsp = -.18; sitting r = -.31*, rsp = -.32*; crawling r = -.22, rsp = -.20; climbing r = -.06, rsp = .02; standing r = .35*, rsp = .37*; walking r = -.11, rsp = -.03; running r = .32*, rsp = .22 Intensity: r = .32*, rsp = .29: minimal r = -.27, rsp = -.23; moderate r = .05, rsp = .07; extreme r = .44**, rsp = .43** Summary: r = .40**, rsp = .36* | PA: - | Very low (level 2) | |
Right hip | LSI-cts-uni-n.r | Behavior: r = .38*, rsp = .28: lying r = .17, rsp = -.18; sitting r = -.31*, rsp = -.32*; crawling r = -.22, rsp = -.20; climbing r = -.06, rsp = .02; standing r = .35*, rsp = .37*; walking r = -.11, rsp = -.03; running r = .32*, rsp = .22 Intensity: r = .32*, rsp = .29: minimal r = -.27, rsp = -.23; moderate r = .05, rsp = .07; extreme r = .44**, rsp = .43** Summary: r = .40**, rsp = .36* | PA: - | |||||||
Ettienne et al. (2016) [69] | n = 30 Age = 3.5 ± 0.6 years Sex = 43% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, and MVPA Free-living (during preschool) | DO using (modified) SOFIT to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: lying; LPA: sitting, standing; MVPA: walking, very active) | D | Non-dominant wrist | Ac-Sc-omni-60 | accuracy = 74%, κw = .17*** 391 min classified as MVPA, whereas DO class was LPA; 406 min DO classified as MVPA and accelerometer as LPA | - | Very low (level 2) | |
Djafarian et al. (2013) [57] | n = 42 Age = 4.1 ± 0.8 (3 to 5) years Sex = 47.6% girls | cpm 1–10-min periods Free-living (structured & unstructured) | DO using 1-min average CARS score | D | Non-dominant wrist | Aw-cts-uni-300 | r = .52** (n = 21 cross-validation sample) Measured (DO) vs. predicted (log accelerometry) CARS score MD = 0.025 (± 0.38), CI 95% with 0.74 CARS unit | PA: - | Very low (level 2) | |
Davies et al. (2012) [82] | n = 30 Age = 4.1 ± 0.5 (3.1 to 4.9) years Sex = 60% girls | Activity type: Sit/lie, stand, and walk Free-living (usual nursery setting) | DVO using to score activity type (walk, sit, stand, lie, other (crouching down, kneeling up, crawling) by one rater | I | Right thigh | aP-PRE-uni-1 | Time spent: sitting MD = -4.4%**, standing MD = 7.1%** Sit/lie: Se = 86.7%, Sp = 97.1%, PPV = 96.3% Stand: Se = 91.8%, Sp = 84.3%, PPV = 75.4% Walk: Se = 80.3%, Sp = 95.9%, PPV = 78.4% | + | Very low (level 1) | |
Johansson et al. (2015) [77] | Calibration n = 26 Age = 26 ± 6.0 months Sex = 38% girls Cross-validation n = 12 Age = 25 ± 5.6 (15 to 36) months Sex = 50% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, and MVPA Free-living (structured activities and free play at preschool) | DVO using CARS to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless; LPA: stationary, movement of the limbs/trunk, easy translocation; MVPA: moderate and fast translocation) | I | Non-dominant wrist | AG-J13-VM-5 | Calibration SB: AUC-ROC = .98, CI (.95 to 1.0) MVPA: AUC-ROC = .90, CI (.81 to .98) Cross-validation SB: rsp = .91 LPA: rsp = .77* MVPA: rsp = .69* | + (SB + ; PA ±) | Very low (level 1) | |
AG-J13-VA-5 | Calibration SB: AUC-ROC = .98, CI (.95 to 1.0) MVPA: AUC-ROC = .88, CI (.78 to .97) Cross-validation SB: rsp = .91 LPA: rsp = .89* MVPA: rsp = .77* | + (SB + ; PA +) | ||||||||
Johansson et al. (2016) [78] | n = 30 Age = 49.0 ± 3.7 months Sex = 53% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, and MVPA Free-living (structured indoor activities and free play at preschool) | DO using CARS to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless; LPA: stationary, movement of the limbs/trunk, easy translocation; MVPA: moderate and fast translocation) by one rater | I | Left hip | AG-J16-VM-5 | κqw = .86, 95% CI (.85 to .87), accuracy = 75% SB: Se = 100%, Sp = 60%, AUC-ROC = .95 MVPA: Se = 70%, Sp = 93%, AUC-ROC = .91 | + (SB ± ; PA ±) | Very low (level 2) | |
AG-J16-VA-5 | κqw = .76, 95% CI (.74 to .77), accuracy = 68% SB: Se = 100%, Sp = 60%, AUC-ROC = .93 MVPA: Se = 70%, Sp = 100%, AUC-ROC = .95 | ± (SB ± ; PA ±) | ||||||||
Non-dominant wrist | AG-J16-VM-5 | κqw = .95, 95% CI (.94 to .96), accuracy = 82% SB: Se = 100%, Sp = 60%, AUC-ROC = .99 MVPA: Se = 70%, Sp = 100%, AUC-ROC = .96 | + (SB ± ; PA ±) | |||||||
AG-J16-VA-5 | κqw = .92, 95% CI (.91 to .93), accuracy = 82% SB: Se = 100%, Sp = 60%, AUC-ROC = .99 MVPA: Se = 70%, Sp = 100%, AUC-ROC = .95 | + (SB ± ; PA ±) | ||||||||
Reilly et al. (2003) [80] | n = 52 Age = 3.5 ± 0.5 (3 to 4) years Sex = 59.62% girls | Activity intensity: SB Free-living | DO using CPAF to score activity type and derive activity intensity (SB: stationary, motionless or with limb movement) by one rater | I | Right hip | CSA-Re-uni-60 | Se = 83%, 95% CI (78 to 86%) Sp = 82%, 95% CI (89 to 86%) | SB: + | Very low (level 2) | |
Adolph et al. (2012) [51] | n = 64 Age = 4.5 ± 0.8 (3 to 5) years Sex = 42.2% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, and MVPA Laboratory | DO using CARS to score activity type and derive CARS levels (1 to 5) | I | Chest | Ah-A-uni-60 | accuracy = 72%, TPR = 82% SB: accuracy = 75% LPA: accuracy = 61% MVPA: accuracy = 82% | - (SB -; PA ±) | Very low (level 2) | |
Right hip | Ac-A-omni-60 | accuracy = 71%, TPR = 69% SB: accuracy = 77% LPA: accuracy = 63% MVPA: accuracy = 69% | - (SB -; PA -) | |||||||
RT-A-VM-60 | accuracy = 73%, TPR = 79% SB: accuracy = 76% LPA: accuracy = 65% MVPA: accuracy = 79% | - (SB -; PA ±) | ||||||||
Li et al. (2020) [79] | n = 34 Age = 4.0 ± 0.5 (3 to 5) years Sex = 58.8% girls | Activity intensity: SB, LPA, MPA, and VPA Free-living (during preschool) | AG-B-VM-60 | I | Right hip | AG-LiROC-VM-60 | κ = .30, accuracy = 59.5% SB: Se = 77.8%, Sp = 77.8%, FPR = 22.2%, FNR = 22.2%, κ = .54 LPA: Se = 26.8%, Sp = 87.5%, FPR = 12.5%, FNR = 73.2%, κ = .16 MPA: Se = 4.5%, Sp = 69.8%, FPR = 3.2%, FNR = 95.5%, κ = .02 VPA: = Se = 79.0%, Sp = 79.0%, FPR = 21.0%, FNR = 21.0%, κ = .11 MVPA collapsed: κ = .35, accuracy = 63.6%, Se = 78.9%, Sp = 78.9%, FPR = 20.1%, FNR = 21.1%, κ = .28 | - (SB -; PA -) | Very low (level 2) | |
AG-LiOLR-VM-60 | κ = .37, accuracy = 71.5% SB: Se = 91.0%, Sp = 52.8%, FPR = 47.2%, FNR = 9.1%, κ = .47 LPA: Se = 43.3%, Sp = 86.5%, FPR = 56.7%, FNR = 13.5%, κ = .32 MPA: Se = 8.8%, Sp = 99.1%, FPR = 1.0%, FNR = 76.1%, κ = .12 VPA: Se = 23.9%, Sp = 99.0%, FPR = 1.0%, FNR = 76.1%, κ = .28 MVPA collapsed: κ = .39, accuracy = 72.4%, Se = 24.3%, Sp = 99.0%, FPR = 1.0%, FNR = 75.7%, κ = .33 | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||||
AG-J13-VM-60 | Non-dominant wrist | AG-Li4k-VM-60 | κ = .37, accuracy = 63.7% SB: Se = 71.6%, Sp = 85.1%, FPR = 14.9%, FNR = 28.4%, κ = .53 LPA: Se = 50.9%, Sp = 76.8%, FPR = 23.2%, FNR = 49.1%, κ = .27 MPA: Se = 48.4%, Sp = 86.8%, FPR = 13.2%, FNR = 51.6%, κ = .19 VPA: Se = 33.9%, Sp = 98.2%, FPR = 1.8%, FNR = 66.1%, κ = .31 MVPA collapsed: κ = .40, accuracy = 65.6%, Se = 68.4%, Sp = 86.6%, FPR = 13.4%, FNR = 31.6%, κ = .35 | - (SB -; PA -) | ||||||
Pagels, Boldemann, & Raustorp (2011) [73] | n = 55 Age = 4.5 ± 0.6 (3.4 to 5.7) years Sex = 49.1% girls | Activity intensity: LPA and MVPA Free-living (at preschool) | Pedometer (Yamax SW200) to measure daily steps | I | Waist | AG-Si-VA-15 | r = .67***, R2adj = 45%: (3-year-olds: r = .37, 4-year-olds: r = .52**, 5-year-olds: r = .84***) LPA: r = .76***, R2adj = 52% MVPA: 3-year-olds (r = .19, R2adj = 4%); 4-to-5-year-olds (r = .50***, R2adj = 23%) | PA: - | Very low (level 3) |