Fair play? Participation equity in organised sport and physical activity among children and adolescents in high income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Results of socioeconomic inequalities in physical activity and sport participation meta-analysis

Variable	# Studies	# ESs	ES	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	I²_2	I²_3	R²_2	R²_3	T²_2	T²_3
Sport participation
Participation	23	39	1.87	1.38	2.36	0.15	0.84	0.02	0.00	0.20	1.00
Children	14	17	2.03	1.41	2.65
Adolescents	7	19	1.84	1.14	2.55
Duration (minutes)	17	23	0.24	0.12	0.35	0.10	0.90	0.00	0.05	0.00	0.04
Children	11	14	0.28	0.15	0.41
Adolescents	5	7	0.13	−0.03	0.30
Total physical activity
Meeting guidelines	31	37	1.21	1.09	1.33	0.34	0.56	0.00	0.00	0.05	0.32
Children	16	19	1.07	0.76	1.38
Adolescents	9	10	1.33	0.94	1.73
Duration (minutes)	38	56	0.08	0.02	0.14	0.67	0.26	0.01	0.30	0.02	0.01
Children	22	38	0.13	0.04	0.21
Adolescents	12	13	0.05	−0.05	0.15
Leisure time physical activity
Duration (minutes)	7	8	0.13	−0.06	0.32	0.30	0.70

Note. The summary measure for sport participation and meeting physical activity guidelines are odds ratios and duration in Cohen’s d. A Cohen’s d of 0.2 is interpreted as small, 0.5 represents medium and 0.8 a large effect size. I²_2 = heterogeneity at Level 2 (i.e., between effect sizes from the same study); I²_3 = heterogeneity at Level 3 (i.e., between studies). R²_2 = variance explained at Level 2 (i.e., between effect sizes from the same study); R²_3 = variance explained at Level 3 (i.e., between studies)

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