Table 5 Reliability of physical activity, sedentary behavior and/or sleep questionnaires, sorted by quality of evidence, result rating and methodological quality

Preschool-aged Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ) [58]^a

n = 103

Age = 3.80 ± 0.74 years

Sex = 48% girls

1–2 weeks

Adequate

Pre-PAQ level 1–2: ICC = 0.44;

Pre-PAQ level 3: ICC = 0.53;

Pre-PAQ level 4: ICC = 0.44;

Pre-PAQ level 5: ICC = 0.64;

Time child spent in car: ICC = 0.31–0.63;

Child’s activity nature: ICC = 0.87–0.93;

Involvement in organized activities: K = 0.95,

Time spent in organized activities: ICC = 0.96–0.99;

Use of neighborhood facilities for activity: K = 0.70–0.80

– Moderate

Early Years Physical Activity Questionnaire (EY-PAQ) [57]

n = 109

Age = 3.3 ± 0.8 years

Sex = 53% girls

7.2 days (5–12 days)

Adequate

MVPA: ICC = 0.35 (95% CI 0.17–0.50);

ST: ICC = 0.47 (95% CI 0.30–0.61)

–Moderate

PREPS questionnaire [53]

n = 118

Age = 19.3 ± 2.7 months

Sex = 48% female

7 days

Doubtful

Screen time: ICC = 0.82

+Low

Energy balance-related

behaviors (ERBs) selfadministered

primary caregivers questionnaire

(PCQ), from the

ToyBox study [63]^a

n = 93 preschooler

Age = unknown

Sex = unknown

2 weeks

Adequate

ICC (95% CI) = Sports: time per week = 0.93 (0.85–0.97), type of sport = 0.71 (0.46–0.86); Active/passive transport: travel forth = 0.91 (0.87–0.94), time = 0.82 (0.73–0.88), travel home = 0.88 (0.82–0.92), time = 0.89 (0.83–0.93);

Computer use: weekdays = 0.72 (0.60–0.80), weekend days = 0.81 (0.73–0.87);

TV viewing: weekdays = 0.67 (0.54–0.77), weekend days = 0.67 (0.53–0.77);

Quiet play: weekdays = 0.42 (0.24–0.58), weekend days = 0.50 (0.33–0.64);

Night sleep duration: weekdays = 0.68 (0.55–0.78), weekend days = 0.69 (0.56–0.78);

Naps: weekdays = 0.62 (0.48–0.73), weekend days = 0.70 (0.58–0.79)

±Low

Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire - Chinese version (CSHQ) [40]

n = 82

Age = unknown

Sex = unknown

2 weeks

Adequate

ICC = Full-scale = 0.77, Sleep duration = 0.38, Bedtime resistance = 0.78, Night-time awakenings = 0.54, Parasomnias = 0.56, Sleep onset delay = 0.57, Daytime sleepiness = 0.60, Sleep disordered breathing = 0.67, Sleep anxiety = 0.76

–Low

Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire - Infant version (CSHQ-I) [39]

n = 98 (completing all 3 times points)

Age = 2–12 months

Sex = unknown

3 months (2 times)

Doubtful

CSHQ-I total scale scores: between 0 and 3 months and 3–6 months (r = 0.64), between 3 and 6 months and 6–12 months (r = 0.73);

The subscales Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Anxiety, and Positive Sleep Habits: between 0 and 3 months and 3–6 months (r range = 0.48–0.56), between 3 and 6 months and 6–12 months (r range = 0.43–0.73);

The subscale Daytime Sleepiness: between 0 and 3 months and 3–6 months (r = 0.08), between 3 and 6 months and 6–12 months (r = 0.23)

–Low

Healthy Kids [61]

Year 1: n = 133; Year 2: n = 98

Sex = unknown

12 weeks

Doubtful

Television: r = 0.44, CV = 24%;

Computer games: r = 0.34, CV = 15%;

Play: r = 0.32, CV = 31%;

Bedtime: CV = 38%

–Low

KidActive-Q [56]^a

n = 20

Age = 4.2 ± 1.3 years (range: 2–6)

Sex = 50% girls

3 weeks

Adequate

ICC (95% CI):

Watching TV = 0.85 (0.72–0.97);

Overall PA level = 0.66 (0.41–0.91);

Time spent outdoors = 0.60 (0.31–0.88)

+ Very low

BISQ Spanisch version (BISQ-E) [35]

n = 60

Age = 3–30 months

Sex = unknown

10 days (8–22 days)

Doubtful

Inter-observer reliability: K = 0.94 (95% CI 0.85–1.00);

Test - retest reliability: bed-time (r = 0.74), hours of night-time sleep (r = 0.88), hours of daytime sleep (r = 0.90) and number of awakenings (r = 0.88)

+ Very low

Physical activity questionnaire for parents of preschoolers in Mexico [62]^a

n = 21

Age = 3–5 years old

Sex = unknown

1 week

Doubtful

Duration low activity: r = 0.86;

Duration moderate activity: r = 0.79;

Duration vigorous activity: r = 0.94;

Overall activity: r = 0.97

+ Very low

Technology Use Questionnaire (TechU-Q) [52]

n = 22–27

Age = unknown

Sex = unknown

2 weeks

Adequate

ICC for weekday, weekend day and total:

TV = 0.58, 0.64, 0.72;

Desktop = 0.91, 0.96, 0.92;

Laptop = 0.20, 0.35, 0.25;

Tablet = 0.50, 0.93, 0.75;

Mobile = 0.92, 0.88, 0.90;

Total tech = 0.70, 0.70, 0.71

±Very low

Healthy Active Preschool Years (HAPPY) parent proxy report survey [67]

n = 43

Age = unknown

Sex = unknown

24 days (14–50 days)

Adequate

ICC for summed items/continuous variables:

Child’s sleep: individual variables = 0.75–0.78, combined sum = 0.72;

Active transport = 0.75;

Non-organized activities = 0.63:

Total organized activities = 0.70;

Usual participation in screen behaviors: Individual items = 0.31–0.84 (week days); 0.05–0.75 (weekend days). Summed items: weekly TV = 0.69, weekly e-games = 0.55, weekly computer = 0.51, weekly Wii/Eye Toy = 0.23, total weekly SBE time = 0.68, total week day SBE time = 0.44, total weekend SBE time = 0.70;

Quiet play/imaginary games: 0.30–0.50 (weekday), 0.34–0.40 (weekend day), 0.37–0.63 (total weekly);

Summed items: weekly quiet play = 0.63, weekly imaginary games = 0.37

K (% agreement) for categorical variables:

Child’s PA & SB = − 0.02 to 0.90 (50.07–95.84);

Organized activities: participation = 0.66–0.84 (91.49–100.0), frequency = 0.38–0.70 (88.9–93.62);

Playgroup attendance: participation = 0.91 (95.74); frequency = 0.77 (93.33);

Screen behaviors: participation = 0.52–1.00 (82.22–100.0)

±Very low

Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (CPAQ) [59]^a

n = 27

Age: 4.9 ± 0.7 years (range: 4–5 years)

Sex: 38% girls

7 days

Adequate

MVPA: ICC = 0.39;

PAEE: ICC = 0.25

–Very low

Expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ), Turkish version [37]

n = 30

Age = 9 months

Sex = unknown

3 weeks

Doubtful

Nocturnal sleep duration (r = 0.71), daytime sleep duration (r = 0.73), number of night awakenings (r = 0.82), duration of nocturnal wakefulness (r = 0.77), nocturnal sleep onset time (r = 0.81), and settling time (r = 0.63)

–Very low

Children’s Sleep-Wake Scale (CSWS) [51]

n = 36

Age = 4.4 ± 2.1 years

Sex = unknown

1 month

Doubtful

CSWS total (r = 0.85), going to bed (r = 0.84), falling asleep (r = 0.78), maintaining Sleep (r = 0.75), reinitiating Sleep (r = 0.67), and returning to wakefulness (r = 0.70)

–Very low

Sleep and Settle Questionnaire (SSQ) [45]

n = 20

Age = unknown

Sex = unknown

7–14 days

Doubtful

Morning sleeps (r = 0.38), afternoon sleeps (r = 0.34), night sleeps (r = 0.14), number of daytime naps (r = 0.40), number awakenings at night (r = 0.43), how long to settle in the day (r = 0.01), how long to settle in evening (r = 0.26), how long to settle at night (r = 0.52)

–Very low