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Table 1 Sample characteristics by neighborhood walkability

From: A longitudinal examination of objective neighborhood walkability, body mass index, and waist circumference: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study

Outcomes

Overall

Very Car-Dependent

Car-Dependent

Somewhat Walkable

Very Walkable

Walker’s Paradise

P-value*

n = 12,846

n = 6835

n = 3421

n = 1767

n = 710

n = 113

% or M(SD)

% or M(SD)

% or M(SD)

% or M(SD)

% or M(SD)

% or M(SD)

BMIa

Underweight/normal weight

26.09

26.20

25.43

25.18

28.73

37.17

0.023

Overweight/obese

73.91

73.80

74.57

74.82

71.27

62.83

WCb

Low risk

24.40

24.99

23.24

22.64

28.45

26.55

0.010

Moderate-to-high risk

75.60

75.01

76.76

77.36

71.55

73.45

Demographic Characteristics

Age (years)

63.27 (8.39)

62.84 (8.12)

63.72 (8.55)

63.73 (8.83)

63.95 (8.79)

63.49 (9.00)

 < 0.001

Sex

Female

55.33

52.01

56.91

61.35

62.96

66.37

 < 0.001

Male

44.67

47.99

43.09

38.65

37.04

33.63

Race

Black/African American

36.46

25.78

42.59

53.82

63.24

57.52

 < 0.001

White

63.54

74.22

57.41

46.18

36.76

42.48

Income

Less than $20,000

12.46

9.71

14.50

16.75

16.76

23.01

 < 0.001

$20,000 – $34,999

22.25

20.48

23.94

25.30

23.94

19.47

$35,000 – $74,999

33.73

35.52

32.77

30.05

31.41

26.55

$75,000 and above

20.89

23.60

17.63

17.88

18.17

20.35

Refused

10.66

10.68

11.17

10.02

9.72

10.62

Education

Less than high school

7.62

6.79

8.45

8.83

9.01

5.31

0.003

High school graduate

23.54

23.04

24.38

24.05

23.24

22.12

Some college

26.58

26.88

26.72

26.15

25.49

18.58

College graduate or above

42.25

43.29

40.46

40.97

42.25

53.98

Marital status

Single

4.83

2.65

5.29

7.92

12.82

24.78

 < 0.001

Married

64.75

73.90

58.90

51.56

43.38

29.20

Divorced/separated

15.79

11.00

19.03

22.92

26.76

27.43

Widowed

14.62

12.45

16.78

17.60

17.04

18.58

Time in study (year)

9.38 (0.96)

9.33 (0.96)

9.41 (0.93)

9.41 (0.99)

9.49 (0.93)

9.65 (1.03)

 < 0.001

Health Characteristics

Baseline BMI (kg/m2)

29.21 (5.78)

28.89 (5.56)

29.53 (5.95)

29.74 (6.09)

29.45 (6.06)

28.58 (5.47)

 < 0.001

Baseline WC (cm)

95.13 (14.50)

94.71 (14.50)

95.70 (14.47)

95.81 (14.57)

95.13 (14.51)

92.02 (12.74)

 < 0.001

Presence of vascular morbidities

None

13.33

14.56

11.90

11.60

13.10

11.50

0.003

One vascular morbidity

33.58

33.14

33.97

34.18

33.24

41.59

Two or more vascular morbidities

53.08

52.30

54.14

54.22

53.66

46.90

Smoking behaviors

Never smoked

48.94

49.92

48.00

47.93

46.90

46.90

0.001

Past smoker

40.02

40.07

40.66

38.26

40.70

40.71

Current smoker

11.04

10.01

11.34

13.81

12.39

12.39

Alcohol use

Never used alcohol

27.86

28.13

28.88

27.05

23.52

20.35

 < 0.001

Past alcohol user

15.19

14.05

16.28

17.09

16.62

12.39

Current alcohol user

56.95

57.82

54.84

55.86

59.86

67.26

Contextual Characteristics

NSESc

      

 < 0.001

Quartile 1 (lowest NSES)

24.50

19.18

29.82

32.48

29.01

31.86

Quartile 2

25.14

26.28

22.68

25.35

25.07

27.43

Quartile 3

24.92

25.76

23.53

23.54

28.45

15.04

Quartile 4 (highest NSES)

25.45

28.78

23.97

18.62

17.46

25.66

  1. *P-values derived from one-way ANOVA tests for continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. P-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Significant differences are bolded.
  2. aBMI body mass index – underweight/normal weight, BMI < 25 kg/m2; overweight/obese, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
  3. bWC waist circumference – low: men with a WC < 94 cm or women with a WC < 80 cm; moderate-to-high: men with a WC ≥ 94 cm or women with a WC ≥ 80 cm
  4. cNSES neighborhood socioeconomic status
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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