Table 3 Sensitivity and subgroup analyses

 Full analysis

13

1454 (729/725)

0.96 [0.45, 1.48]

< 0.01

95%

 Excluding high risk of bias overall

5

677 (340/337)

1.04 [0.15, 1.92]

0.02

96%

 Objective measurement

4

224 (128/96)

1.52 [0.22, 2.81]

0.02

94%

 Self-reported measurement

9

1230 (601/629)

0.74 [0.17, 1.30]

0.01

95%

 r = 0.5

13

1454 (729/725)

0.72 [0.32, 1.13]

< 0.01

92%

 r = 1.0

13

1454 (729/725)

1.86 [0.96, 2.76]

< 0.01

98%

 Short-term intervention duration

4

235 (126/101)

2.08 [1.18, 2.97]

< 0.01

86%

 Long-term intervention duration

9

1227 (603/624)

0.51 [0.00, 1.02]

0.05

94%

 Low intensity intervention

4

654 (337/317)

0.52 [−0.08, 1.12]

0.09

92%

 Medium intensity intervention

6

642 (313/329)

1.31 [0.35, 2.28]

< 0.01

96%

 High intensity intervention

3

158 (79/79)

0.86 [−0.13, 1.85]

0.09

88%

 Obese subgroup

4

619 (250/269)

1.00 [0.04, 2.04]

0.06

96%

 CVD subgroup

5

675 (339/346)

0.19 [−0.07, 0.45]

0.15

61%

 Full analysis

9

872 (419/453)

-2.74 [−4.42, −1.07]

< 0.01

45%

 Excluding high risk of bias overall

3

253 (123/130)

−2.59 [− 4.49, −0.68]

< 0.01

2%

 Objective measurement

7

656 (321/336)

− 2.25 [−4.16, −0.34]

0.02

48%

 Self-reported measurement

2

226 (98/117)

−4.75 [−7.69, −1.81]

< 0.01

0%

 r = 0.5

9

872 (419/453)

−2.43 [−4.18, −0.69]

< 0.01

0%

 r = 1.0

9

872 (419/453)

−2.21 [−3.57, −0.84]

< 0.01

98%

 Short-term intervention duration

2

134 (64/70)

−3.56 [−5.91, −1.21]

< 0.01

0%

 Long-term intervention duration

7

738 (355/383)

−2.57 [−4.57, −0.38]

0.04

54%

 Low intensity intervention

1

135 (66/79)

−5.46 [−9.91, −1.01]

0.02

NA

 Medium intensity intervention

5

411 (196/215)

−2.14 [−3.80, −0.49]

0.01

0%

 High intensity intervention

3

316 (157/159)

−3.82 [−8.26, 0.63]

0.09

78%

 Obese subgroup

4

520 (250/270)

−2.85 [−6.27, 0.56]

0.10

68%

 CVD subgroup

2

215 (98/117)

−4.75 [−7.69, −1.81]

< 0.01

0%

 Diabetes/IGT subgroup

2

73 (39/34)

−0.76 [−3.29, 1.77]

0.56

0%

 Full analysis

15

4728 (2385/2343)

−0.99 [−1.48, − 0.50]

< 0.01

77%

 Excluding high risk of bias overall

4

531 (265/266)

−0.57 [−1.20, 0.05]

0.07

37%

 Objective measurement

11

2198 (1126/1072)

−0.99 [−1.52, − 0.47]

< 0.01

55%

 Self-reported measurement

4

2530 (1259/1271)

−0.97 [−2.24, 0.29]

0.13

80%

 r = 0.5

15

4728 (2385/2343)

−0.88 [−1.43, − 0.34]

< 0.01

59%

 r = 1.0

15

4728 (2385/2343)

−1.38 [− 1.88, − 0.88]

< 0.01

98%

 Short-term intervention duration

2

134 (64/70)

−1.39 [−2.37, − 0.42]

< 0.01

0%

 Long-term intervention duration

13

4594 (2321/2273)

−0.93 [−1.47, − 0.39]

< 0.01

80%

 Low intensity intervention

4

698 (349/349)

−1.12 [−2.38, 0.15]

0.02

71%

 Medium intensity intervention

7

2569 (1275/1269)

−0.56 [−1.17, 0.04]

0.07

39%

 High intensity intervention

4

1461 (761/700)

−1.63 [−2.85, −0.42]

< 0.01

72%

 Obese subgroup

3

277 (129/148)

−2.08 [−5.56, 1.40]

0.24

82%

 CVD subgroup

2

139 (68/71)

−1.88 [−3.04, −0.72]

< 0.01

0%

 Diabetes/IGT subgroup

6

1725 (898/827)

−0.99 [−1.19, − 0.79]

< 0.01

0%

 Full analysis

5

530 (265/265)

−2.21 [−4.01, −0.42]

0.02

41%

 Excluding high risk of bias overall

4

472 (236/236)

−2.34 [− 4.49, −0.18]

0.03

45%

 Objective measurement

4

460 (233/227)

−1.64 [−3.43, 0.15]

0.07

28%

 Self-reported measurement

–

–

–

–

–

 r = 0.5

5

530 (265/265)

−2.40 [−4.20, −0.59]

0.02

55%

 r = 1.0

5

530 (265/265)

−2.61 [−4.23, −0.99]

< 0.01

99%

 Short-term intervention duration

2

134 (64/70)

−3.68 [−6.05, −1.30]

< 0.01

0%

 Long-term intervention duration

3

396 (201/195)

−1.40 [−3.68, 0.88]

0.23

41%

 Low intensity intervention

1

278 (142/136)

−0.90 [−2.71, 0.91]

0.33

NA

 Medium intensity intervention

4

252 (123/129)

−2.87 [−5.04, −0.70]

0.01

32%

 High intensity intervention

–

–

–

–

–

 CVD subgroup

2

348 (174/174)

−2.34 [−5.63, 0.96]

0.40

70%

 Diabetes/IGT subgroup

2

118 (59/59)

−2.05 [−6.85, 2.75]

0.06

53%