Outcome category (number of studies) | Reference | Cohort or Study | Cohort characteristics (country) | Outcome measure(s) | Outcome follow-up time (years) | Sample characteristics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size (events; %) | Female (%) | Age, years Mean ± SD or Median (IQR) | BMI, kg/m2 Mean ± SD or Median (IQR) | Baseline daily step counts Mean ± SD or Median (IQR) | ||||||
All-cause mortality (N = 5) | Dwyer, 2015 [15] | Tasped cohort (3 pooled population cohorts [AusDiab, TASOAC, TASCOG]) | AusDiab: 1136 adults aged ≥25 years in 1999–2000 (Aus) TASOAC: 1041 adults ages 50–80 years in 2002–2004 (Aus) TASCOG: 399 adults ages 60–86 years in 2005 (Aus) | All-cause mortality | 10 | n = 2576 (219; 8.5%) | 52.4 | 58.8 ± 13.2 | 27.4 ± 4.8 | 8856 ± 4510 |
Fox, 2015 [16] | Project OPAL | 240 adults aged ≥70 years (UK) | All-cause mortality | 4–5 | n = 201 (33; 16.4%) | 48.8 | Age, years (%) 70–74.9: 36.6 75–79.9: 26.8 80–84.9: 24.9 85+: 11.7 | BMI, kg/m2(%) < 25.0: 34.3 25.0–29.9: 37.6 ≥30.0: 28.2 | Tertiles, (%) < 3196: 31.8 3196–5170: 33.3 > 5170: 34.8 | |
Jefferis, 2019 [17] | British Regional Heart Study | 7735 men aged 40–59 recruited in 1978–1980 (UK) | All-cause mortality | 5 | n = 1181 (194; 16.4%) | 0 | 78.4 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 3.8 | 4938 ± 2794 | |
Lee, 2019 [18] | Women’s Health Study | 39,876 US women aged ≥45 recruited in 1992–2004 | All-cause mortality | 4 | n = 16,741 (504; 3%) | 100 | 72.0 ± 5.7 | 26.2 ± 5.0 | 5499 (SD not reported) | |
Yamamoto, 2018 [19] | N/A | 600 adults aged 70 years in 1998 (Japan) | All-cause mortality | 10 | n = 419 (76; 18.1%) | 45.6 | 71.0 ± 0.0 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 6470 ± 2732 | |
CVD (N = 4) | Cochrane, 2017 [20] | LIFE RCT | 1600 mobility-limited older adults aged 70–89 years in 2010–2013 (US) | Composite of MI, silent MI, hospitalized angina, congestive heart failure, revascularization with bypass surgery or percutaneous angioplasty, aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or transient ischemic attack | 0.5, 1, and 2 | n = 1590 (234; 14.7%) | 67.2 | 78.9 ± 5.2 | 30.1 ± 5.9 | 2681 ± 1475 |
Huffman, 2014 [21] | NAVIGATOR trial | 9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple) | Cardio-metabolic risk score | 6 | n = 7118 (N/A) | 50.6 | 63.0 (58.0–69.0) | 29.6 (26.7–33.2) | 6178 ± 3833 | |
Jefferis, 2019 [22] | British Regional Heart Study | 7735 men aged 40–59 recruited in 1978–1980 (UK) | MI, stroke, or heart failure morbidity or mortality | 5 | N = 1181 (122; 10.3%) | 0 | 78.4 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 3.8 | 4938 ± 2794 | |
Yates, 2014 [23] | NAVIGATOR trial | 9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple) | Composite of time to death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal MI, or non-fatal stroke | 5 | n = 9018 (531; 5.9%) | 51.0 | 63.0 (58.0–69.0) | 29.6 (26.8–33.3) | 6245 (4065–9157) | |
Dysglycemia (N = 8) | Kraus, 2018 [26] | NAVIGATOR trial | 9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple) | Diabetes | 5 | n = 9306 (3254; 35.0%) | 50.6 | 65.0 (59.0–71.0) | 31.2 (27.7–35.4) | 6205 ± 3727 |
Ponsonby, 2011 [27] | AusDiab | 1136 adults aged ≥25 years in 1999–2000 (Aus) | Incident dysglycemia | 5 | n = 458 (26; 5.7%) | 55.9 | 49.7 ± 1.5 | 26.1 ± 0.4 | 10,733 (7695–13,833) | |
Dwyer, 2011 [24] | AusDiab | 1136 adults aged ≥25 years in 1999–2000 (Aus) | Insulin sensitivity | 5 | n = 592 (N/A) | 54.9 | 50.8 ± 12.3 | 26.5 ± 3.9 | Men: 10172 (7435–13,928) Women: 10969 (7889–14,402) | |
Herzig, 2014 [25] | PreDiabEx RCT | 78 adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes (Finland) | Insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose | 0.25 | n = 68 (N/A) | 73.5 | 58.8 ± 10.3 | 31.7 ± 5.3 | 5130 ± 3424 | |
Siddiqui, 2018 [31] | N/A | 95 adults aged 18–65 with type 2 diabetes (South Africa) | HbA1c | 0.25 | n = 95 (N/A) | 67.4 | 54.7 ± 7.1 | 33.2 ± 6.4 | 3811 ± 1683 | |
Tudor-Locke, 2004 [28] | First Step Program RCT | 146 adults with diabetes ages 40–60 years (year not given) (Canada) | Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c | 0.3 and 0.5 | n = 47 (N/A) | 44.7 | 52.7 ± 5.2 | 33.3 ± 5.6 | 6011 ± 2496 | |
Van Dyck, 2013 [29] | N/A | 92 adults with type 2 diabetes ages 35–75 in 2007 | HbA1c, fasting glucose | 0.5 and 1 | n = 92 (N/A) | 31.0 | 62.0 ± 9.0 | 30.0 ± 2.8 | 5021 ± 2591 | |
Yates, 2015 [30] | NAVIGATOR trial | 9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple) | Fasting glucose | 4 | n = 3964 (N/A) | 50.4 | 63.0 (58.0–68.0) | 29.0 (26.3–32.6) | 6501 (4235–9323) |