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Table 2 Multilevel, mixed-effects logit model odds ratios depicting the relative odds of engaging in BTSD, WTSD, Programs, and Policies

From: Diverse school community engagement with the North Carolina active routes to school project: a diffusion study

Predictor

BTSD

WTSD

Program

Policy

Year

 2013 (referent)

–

–

–

–

 2014

1.524 (0.460)

2.189** (0.342)

2.549 (2.871)

0.071 (0.802)

 2015

3.220** (0.882)

2.477** (0.378)

13.887* (7.318)

19.127** (5.226)

 2016

3.944** (1.069)

3.760** (0.554)

13.246* (6.868)

2.142* (0.288)

 2017

5.902** (1.637)

3.506** (0.522)

7.162 (7.234)

23.054** (5.101)

Overweight/Obese

1.023 (0.409)

2.021** (0.478)

1.162 (0.455)

5.357 (4.789)

Academic Growth Status

 Exceeded (referent)

–

–

–

–

 Met

0.948 (0.168)

1.05 (0.120)

1.328 (0.410)

0.924 (0.422)

 Not Met

0.920 (0.199)

0.858 (0.121)

0.862 (0.402)

0.712 (0.315)

School Income

 High (referent)

–

–

–

–

 Medium

0.603* (0.134)

0.677 (0.106)

1.963 (0.969)

0.711 (0.431)

 Low

0.739 (0.258)

0.775 (0.174)

4.752* (2.813)

0.503 (0.402)

Elementary School

3.914** (1.151)

3.042** (0.465)

0.567 (0.245)

0.936 (0.414)

School Locale

 City (referent)

–

–

–

–

 Suburb

1.427 (0.329)

0.735* (0.109)

2.424 (1.188)

1.398 (0.311)

 Town

1.490 (0.527)

0.622* (0.136)

2.214 (1.104)

0.859 (0.314)

 Rural

1.184 (0.274)

0.555** (0.081)

2.128 (1.158)

0.730 (0.185)

School Racial/Ethnic Demographics

 Hispanic

0.988 (0.274)

0.519* (0.117)

0.632 (0.484)

1.092 (0.397)

 Black

0.825 (0.239)

0.738 (0.127)

0.297 (0.211)

1.178 (0.330)

 White

0.994 (0.171)

0.718 (0.121)

0.929 (0.256)

0.686 (0.168)

 Two Races

–

0.551 (0.221)

–

0.779 (0.510)

BTSD

–

16.163** (2.686)

3.077** (0.832)

2.010 (1.299)

WTSD

16.483** (2.725)

–

17.513** (4.824)

6.095** (2.570)

Program

3.509** (0.934)

16.127** (3.073)

–

2.333 (1.267)

Policy

1.535 (1.112)

2.741** (0.449)

1.495 (0.681)

–

 Constant

0.001** (0.000)

0.009** (0.002)

0.000** (0.000)

0.000** (0.000)

 Observations

13,010

13,010

13,010

13,010

 Log likelihood

− 1264.475

− 2685.341

− 471.879

− 723.022

X2

819.360

938.260

234.990

209.490

p

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

  1. Note. Standard errors in parentheses; Grouping variable = NC county. *p < .05. **p < .01.
  2. BTSD Bike to School Day; WTSD Walk to School Day; Program = bicycle or pedestrian safety education or promotional efforts that recur at least once per month; Policy = policies to incorporate bicycle or pedestrian education of programming into school procedures or curricula