From: Evaluation of the impact of calorie labeling on McDonald’s restaurant menus: a natural experiment
Underestimated Calories Purchased | |||||||||
McDonald’s | Other Chains | Difference-in-differencesa | |||||||
Pre | Post | Change (crude) | Change (adjusted)a | Pre | Post | Change (crude) | Change (adjusted)a | ||
Adults | 63% | 64% | 1% (−6, 8%) | 1% (− 6, 8%) | 69% | 68% | 0% (−5, 4%) | −1% (− 5, 4%) | 1% (− 7, 9%) |
Adolescentsb,c | 78% | 71% | −6% (− 12, 0%) | −5% (− 12, 1%) | 76% | 71% | − 5% (− 10, − 1%) | − 5% (− 10, − 1%) | −1% (−9, 8%) |
Childrenc | 68% | 67% | −1% (− 17, 14%) | 1% (− 16, 17%) | 70% | 69% | 0% (− 14, 13%) | −2% (− 17, 12%) | 3% (−18, 24%) |
Noticed Calorie Information | |||||||||
McDonald’s | Other Chains | Difference-in-differencesa | |||||||
Pre | Post | Change (crude) | Change (adjusted)a | Pre | Post | Change (crude) | Change (adjusted)a | ||
Adults | 15% | 45% | 30% (24, 36%) | 30% (24, 37%) | 25% | 26% | 2% (−2, 6%) | 2% (−2, 6%) | 28% (21, 36%) |
Adolescentsb,c | 11% | 38% | 27% (21, 32%) | 26% (20, 32%) | 18% | 19% | 1% (− 4, 5%) | 1% (−3, 5%) | 25% (18, 32%) |
Childrenc | 14% | 36% | 21% (7, 35%) | 22% (7, 37%) | 18% | 25% | 7% (−3, 18%) | 9% (−2, 21%) | 13% (− 7, 31%) |