Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition interventions improve frailty in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Hsieh, Tsung-Jen; Su, Shin-Chang; Chen, Chun-Wei; Kang, Yaw-Wen; Hu, Ming-Hsia; Hsu, Li-Lin; Wu, Szu-Yun; Chen, Likwang; Chang, Hsing-Yi; Chuang, Shao-Yuan; Pan, Wen-Harn; Hsu, Chih-Cheng

doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0855-9

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 3 The changes of calorie, protein, carbohydrate, and fat, and changes in servings of the six food groups during the 6-month study period

From: Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition interventions improve frailty in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Dietary compliance variables		Mean ± SD				p for main effects^a
Dietary compliance variables		Control	Exercise	Nutrition	Combination	Exercise status^b	Nutrition status^c
	n	80	78	83	74
Total energy (Kcal/day)	Baseline	1706.5 ± 435.8	1623.9 ± 480.6	1696.2 ± 485.4	1772.2 ± 462.2	0.945	0.210
	Change^d at 1 month	48.5 ± 294.3	13.7 ± 272.3	138.1 ± 324.5	186.2 ± 336.5	0.853	< 0.001
	Change at 3 months	52.5 ± 293.6	24.1 ± 311.3	170.1 ± 358.8	162.0 ± 311.2	0.612	< 0.001
	Change at 6 months	− 0.1 ± 277.2	−35.7 ± 342.8	102.1 ± 391.3	142.8 ± 327.1	0.951	< 0.001
Total protein (g/day)	Baseline	64.9 ± 18.6	60.8 ± 19.8	62.7 ± 18.2	64.8 ± 19.0	0.628	0.705
	Change at 1 month	−1.0 ± 14.1	0.4 ± 13.0	8.7 ± 18.8	9.6 ± 16.7	0.523	< 0.001
	Change at 3 months	− 0.2 ± 12.2	2.3 ± 12.1	9.2 ± 17.2	8.7 ± 16.3	0.549	< 0.001
	Change at 6 months	−2.2 ± 12.4	− 1.3 ± 13.0	7.2 ± 18.5	8.6 ± 16.9	0.521	< 0.001
Total protein (% in total energy)	Baseline	15.5 ± 2.7	14.9 ± 2.7	14.9 ± 2.4	14.8 ± 2.7	0.298	0.241
	Change at 1 month	− 0.4 ± 3.1	0.1 ± 2.5	0.6 ± 2.5	0.5 ± 2.3	0.556	0.017
	Change at 3 months	− 0.5 ± 2.6	0.5 ± 2.8	0.6 ± 2.2	0.5 ± 2.4	0.090	0.034
	Change at 6 months	− 0.4 ± 2.7	0.1 ± 2.8	0.8 ± 2.3	0.7 ± 2.4	0.484	0.003
Total carbohydrate (g/day)	Baseline	225.5 ± 64.6	215.7 ± 64.8	220.9 ± 60.9	229.5 ± 71.3	0.937	0.562
	Change at 1 month	8.7 ± 40.3	3.1 ± 43.4	16.2 ± 48.7	12.5 ± 42.9	0.351	0.089
	Change at 3 months	6.1 ± 35.4	0.9 ± 50.8	17.7 ± 46.9	13.1 ± 39.3	0.319	0.016
	Change at 6 months	0.7 ± 40.3	−5.7 ± 52.8	10.0 ± 44.9	13.6 ± 46.0	0.784	0.007
Total carbohydrate (% in total energy)	Baseline	53.7 ± 9.3	53.5 ± 8.4	52.6 ± 7.9	52.2 ± 10.0	0.774	0.253
	Change at 1 month	0.3 ± 7.2	− 0.1 ± 6.4	−0.9 ± 6.8	− 3.0 ± 6.9	0.105	0.010
	Change at 3 months	−0.7 ± 6.3	−1.0 ± 7.6	−1.6 ± 7.6	−2.2 ± 6.6	0.514	0.188
	Change at 6 months	0.2 ± 7.0	− 0.8 ± 7.7	−1.3 ± 7.5	−1.8 ± 7.2	0.333	0.124
Total fat (g/day)	Baseline	59.2 ± 26.3	58.7 ± 24.8	63.1 ± 27.9	65.9 ± 29.5	0.722	0.074
	Change at 1 month	1.8 ± 22.5	0 ± 16.6	5.2 ± 20.6	11.3 ± 23.1	0.361	0.002
	Change at 3 months	4.0 ± 22.1	1.1 ± 18.1	8.0 ± 24.3	8.5 ± 20.9	0.630	0.021
	Change at 6 months	−0.5 ± 21.5	−0.6 ± 20.4	4.7 ± 24.3	6.4 ± 21.0	0.738	0.015
Total fat (% in total energy)	Baseline	30.9 ± 8.9	31.6 ± 7.5	32.5 ± 8	33.0 ± 9.9	0.540	0.124
	Change at 1 month	0.1 ± 7.3	0 ± 6.1	0.3 ± 7.0	2.5 ± 7.0	0.166	0.095
	Change at 3 months	1.2 ± 6.6	0.5 ± 7.1	1.0 ± 7.6	1.7 ± 6.9	0.963	0.578
	Change at 6 months	0.2 ± 7.4	0.7 ± 7.5	0.5 ± 7.2	1.2 ± 7.5	0.473	0.633
Whole grains (bowls/day)	Baseline	2.9 ± 1.1	2.8 ± 1.0	2.8 ± 1.0	2.9 ± 1.0	0.989	0.844
	Change^d at 1 month	0.12 ± 0.7	0.05 ± 0.6	0.05 ± 0.8	0.02 ± 0.58	0.468	0.512
	Change at 3 months	0.02 ± 0.5	−0.04 ± 0.7	0.08 ± 0.7	0.02 ± 0.53	0.356	0.390
	Change at 6 months	− 0.05 ± 0.6	−0.13 ± 0.7	0.004 ± 0.6	0.04 ± 0.64	0.758	0.115
Beans/fish/meat/eggs (servings/day)	Baseline	5.2 ± 2.3	4.7 ± 2.3	4.6 ± 2.0	4.8 ± 1.9	0.534	0.252
	Change at 1 month	− 0.3 ± 2.2	− 0.1 ± 1.7	0.6 ± 2.2	0.7 ± 1.8	0.445	< 0.001
	Change at 3 months	−0.2 ± 1.7	0.1 ± 1.6	0.5 ± 1.8	0.6 ± 1.9	0.411	0.001
	Change at 6 months	−0.4 ± 1.7	−0.3 ± 1.8	0.5 ± 1.9	0.6 ± 1.8	0.612	< 0.001
Vegetables (servings/day)	Baseline	3.0 ± 1.6	2.9 ± 2.0	3.4 ± 1.9	3.4 ± 1.9	0.905	0.024
	Change at 1 month	0.2 ± 1.4	0.2 ± 1.3	0 ± 1.6	0.4 ± 1.4	0.233	0.753
	Change at 3 months	0.3 ± 1.3	0.3 ± 1.7	0.2 ± 1.6	0.3 ± 1.6	0.908	0.710
	Change at 6 months	0.2 ± 1.4	0.1 ± 1.9	0 ± 1.9	0.3 ± 1.6	0.589	0.936
Fruits (servings/day)	Baseline	1.8 ± 1.2	1.5 ± 0.9	1.7 ± 1.2	1.8 ± 1.5	0.460	0.325
	Change at 1 month	0 ± 1.1	0 ± 1.1	0.4 ± 1.2	0.4 ± 1.1	0.877	0.004
	Change at 3 months	0 ± 1.2	0.1 ± 1.1	0.3 ± 1.2	0.4 ± 1.2	0.475	0.035
	Change at 6 months	0.1 ± 1.2	0.2 ± 1.4	0.2 ± 1.2	0.5 ± 1.2	0.167	0.130
Dairy (mugs/day)	Baseline	0.3 ± 0.5	0.3 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.6	0.4 ± 0.5	0.805	0.231
	Change at 1 month	0 ± 0.3	0 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.5	0.853	< 0.001
	Change at 3 months	0 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.5	0.522	< 0.001
	Change at 6 months	0.1 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.6	0.1 ± 0.6	0.324	0.007
Oils/Nuts (portions/day)	Baseline	6.4 ± 3.1	6.4 ± 2.8	6.7 ± 3.2	7.1 ± 3.5	0.623	0.141
	Change at 1 month	0.1 ± 2.9	0.2 ± 2.2	1.1 ± 2.7	1.6 ± 2.5	0.328	< 0.001
	Change at 3 months	0.4 ± 2.7	0.3 ± 2.6	1.6 ± 3.4	1.3 ± 2.6	0.615	< 0.001
	Change at 6 months	− 0.1 ± 3.0	0.1 ± 2.5	0.6 ± 3.4	1.0 ± 2.9	0.413	0.024

^aThere are no significant interactions between the exercise and nutrition groups for all variables; ^bTest for differences based on the exercise intervention status (average of the exercise group and the combination group compared with average of the control group and the nutrition group); ^cTest for differences based on the nutrition intervention status (average of the nutrition group and the combination group compared with average of the control group and the exercise group); ^dChange from baseline

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