Table 2 Summary of the included intervention studies
Study characteristics | Sample characteristics | Intervention characteristics | Control | Sedentary behavior outcome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, year, country | Study design | Sample size | Age, gender, healthy vs clinical population | Duration | Focus | Self-monitoring | Other behavior change techniques | No intervention or other behavior change techniques | Measurement instrument used to objectively/subjectively measure total or domain-specific sedentary behavior |
Arrogi, 2017, Belgium [54] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 65 IG: 31 CG: 27 | Mean age = 36.2 ± 10.2y 48% male Healthy population | 1 week | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of a electronic SB device: Motion sensor Shimmer (attached to the thigh) + smartphone application Information on current behavior (i.e. time spent standing or time spent sitting), daily sedentary score and sedentary index | StAPP application including information on consequences of the behavior, instructions on how to perform the behavior, feedback on performance and general encouragement | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of ActivPAL3 inclinometer – attached to the thigh |
Adams, 2013, USA [55] | Non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design | N = 64 IG: 40 CG: 24 | Mean age = 58.5 ± 12.5y 0% male Obese population | 6 weeks | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of a logbook Information was reported on the number of steps (logbook and pedometer) and daily sitting time (logbook) | Information on consequences of the behavior, instructions on how to perform the behavior, feedback on performance, and goal-setting, action planning | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of Actigraph GT3X accelerometer – attached to the right hip Self-reported domain-specific SB by means of a weekly sitting inventory |
Ashe, 2015, Canada [39] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 25 IG: 13 CG: 12 | Mean age = 64.1 ± 4.6y 0% male Healthy population | 6 months | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of electronic PA device: Fitbit One (worn in the pocket) Information on daily steps, distance walked, stairs climbed, sedentary time, and low/moderate/vigorous physical activity | Information on consequences of the behavior, instructions on how to perform the behavior, goal setting, action planning, barrier identification and problem solving, graded tasks, review of behavioral goals, social support | Intervention without self-monitoring – only information on the consequences of the behavior | Objectively measured total SB by means of Actigraph GT3X accelerometer – attached to the hip |
Biddle, 2015, UK [40] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 187 IG: 94 CG: 93 | Mean age = 32.8 ± 5.6y 31.5% male Overweight and obese population | 12 months | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of the electronic SB device: Gruve (attached to the waist) Information on time spent sedentary, in light physical activity and in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity | Information on the consequences of the behavior, goal setting, barrier identification and problem solving | Intervention without self-monitoring – only information on the consequences of the behavior | Objectively measured total SB by means of Actigraph GT3X accelerometer – attached to the right hip Self-reported total and domain-specific SB by means of the Total and Domain-Specific Sitting Questionnaire |
Brakenridge, 2016, Australia [42] | Non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design | N = 153 IG: 66 CG: 87 | Mean age = 38.9 ± 8.0y 54.0% male Healthy population | 3 months | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of the electronic SB device: Lumoback (attached to the waist) Information on sitting time, standing time, number of steps, sitting breaks, posture and sleep | Information on consequences of the behavior, instructions on how to perform the behavior, facilitate social comparison | Intervention without self-monitoring – only information on consequences of the behavior and social comparison | Objectively measured total SB and occupational SB by means of ActivPAL3 inclinometer – attached to the dominant thigh |
Carr, 2013, USA [41] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 40 IG: 23 CG: 17 | Mean age = 44.7 ± 9.6y 10.0% male Overweight population | 12 weeks | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of an Omron pedometer (attached to the waist) Number of steps | Information on consequences of the behavior, environmental restructuring, instructions on how to perform the behavior, social support | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB and occupational SB by means of the StepWatch PA monitor – attached to the ankle |
De Cocker, 2016, Belgium [43] | Multigroup pretest posttest design | N = 213 IG: 78 IG: 84 CG: 51 | Mean age = 40.3 ± 9.1y 31.5% male Healthy population | 1 month | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of the Workforce Sitting Questionnaire Information was reported on time spent sitting on a workday and a non-workday for the last 7 days while (1) travelling to and from places, (2) being at work, (3) watching television, (4) using a computer at home (not work related), and (5) doing other leisure activities. | Information on consequences of the behavior, normative information, feedback on performance, action planning, goal setting | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of the ActivPAL inclinometer – attached to the thigh Self-reported domain-specific SB by means of the Workforce Sitting Questionnaire |
De Greef, 2011, Belgium [44] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 92 IG: 60 CG: 32 | Mean age = 62.0 ± 9.0y 69.0% male Type 2 Diabetes population | 24 weeks | Sedentary behavior and physical activity | Self-monitoring by means of a pedometera,b Information on the number of steps | Information on consequences of the behavior, motivational interviewing, goal setting, problem-solving, social support | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of an accelerometerb |
Edwardson, 2018, UK [45] | Non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design | N = 146 IG: 77 CG: 69 | Mean age = 41.2 ± 11.1y 20.0% male Healthy population | 12 months | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of an electronic SB device: Darma Cushion (placed on an chair) Information on total sitting time, and prolonged sitting time | Information on consequences of the behavior, environmental restructuring, social support, action planning, goal setting, motivational interviewing | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB and occupational SB by means of ActivPAL micro inclinometer – attached to the right thigh |
Kitagawa, 2019, Japan, [53] | Multigroup pretest posttest design | N = 48 IG:16 IG:16 CG:16 | Mean age = 38.0 ± 4.5y 0% men Healthy population | 1 week | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of an electronic PA device: Jawbone Up 24 (worn around the wrist) Information on the number of steps, total physical activity, longest activity time, longest prolonged sitting time, calorie consumption, and activity amount per time zone | Information on consequences of the behavior, feedback on performance | Intervention without self-monitoring – only information on the consequences of the behavior | Objectively measured longest prolonged sitting time by means of the Jawbone Up 24 – attached to the wrist |
Klaren, 2016, USA [46] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 70 IG: 33 CG: 37 | Mean age = 49.9 ± 9.1y 20.0% male Population with multiple sclerose | 6 months | Sedentary behavior and physical activity | Self-monitoring by means of a Yamax SW-401 digiwalker pedometer (attached to the waist) Information on the number of steps | Information on consequences of the behavior, goal setting, problem-solving, action planning, social support, social reward | No intervention | Self-reported total SB by means of the Short International Physical Activity Questionnaire |
Lin, 2018, Taiwan [47] | Non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design | N = 101 IG: 51 CG: 50 | Mean age = 49.5 (SD not reported) 47.5% male Healthy population | 3 months | Sedentary behavior and physical activity | Self-monitoring by means of a Yamax SW-200 digiwalker pedometer (attached to the waist) Information on the number of steps | Information on consequences of the behavior, goal setting, barrier identification, social support, review of behavioral goals, rewards contingent on successful behavior | Intervention without self-monitoring – only information on the consequences of the behavior | Self-reported total SB by means of the Short International Physical Activity Questionnaire and self-reported occupational sedentary behavior by means of the Occupational Sitting and Physical Activity Questionnaire |
Lynch, 2019, Australia [37] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 83 IG:43 CG:40 | Mean age = 61.6 ± 6.4y 0% men Postmenopausal women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer | 12 weeks | Sedentary behavior and physical activity | Self-monitoring by means of a Garmin Vivofit 2 activity monitor (worn around the wrist) Information on the number of steps, distance, calories and sleep/rest time | Information on consequences of the behavior, goal setting, action planning, feedback on performance, motivational interviewing | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of ActivPAL inclinometer – attached to the right thigh |
Lyons, 2017, USA [48] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 40 IG: 20 CG: 20 | Mean age = 61.5 ± 5.6y 15.0% male Healthy population | 12 weeks | Sedentary behavior and physical activity | Self-monitoring by means of an electronic PA device: Jawbone Up 24 (worn around the wrist) Information on the number of steps, calories burned and sleep | Information on consequences of the behavior, goal setting, motivational interviewing, social support, review of behavioral goals, problem-solving, self-rewards, when and where to perform the behavior, relapse prevention, stress management, time management | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of the ActivPAL inclinometer – attached to the right thigh |
Maylor, 2018, UK [49] | Non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design | N = 89 IG: 48 CG: 41 | Mean age = 43.4 (40.7–45.9) 43.0% male Healthy population | 8 weeks | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of a pedometera,b Information on the number of steps | Information on consequences of the behavior, prompt practice, motivational interviewing, environmental restructuring | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB and occupational SB by means of ActivPAL micro inclinometer – attached to the right thigh |
Smith, 2012, USA [50] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 40 IG: 23 CG: 17 | Mean age = 44,7 ± 9,3y 10.0% male Overweight population | 12 weeks | Sedentary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of a Yamax SW-200 digiwalker pedometer (attached to the waist) Information on the number of steps | Environmental restructuring, feedback on performance, social support, goal setting | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of the StepWatch3.0 accelerometer – attached to the ankle |
Spring, 2018, USA [51] | Multigroup pretest posttest design | N = 128 IG: 84 CG: 44 | Mean age = 40,8 ± 11,9y 23,6% male Healthy population | 9 months | Sedentary behavior, physical activity and dietary behavior | Self-monitoring by means of the electronic logbook of the Make Better Choices App Information reported on leisure screen time | Feedback on performance, motivational interviewing, goal setting | No intervention | Self-reported domain-specific SB (sedentary leisure screen time) by means of the Make Better Choices app |
White, 2017 UK [52] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 103 IG: 52 CG: 51 | Mean age = 68.3 ± 3.8y 41.0% male Healthy population | 12 weeks | Sedentary behavior and physical activity | Self-monitoring by means of a tick sheet with tips on SB Information reported on the daily adherence to tips | Information on consequences of the behavior, goal setting, action planning, graded tasks, prompt practice, habit formation | No intervention | Self-reported total SB by means of the Short International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Measure of Older adults’ Sedentary Time |
Wyke, 2019, UK [36] | Pretest posttest control group design | N = 1113 IG: 560 CG: 553 | Mean age = 45.8 ± 8.9y 100.0% male Overweight population (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) | 12 weeks | Sedentary behavior and physical activity | Self-monitoring by means of an electronic SB device: SitFIT (worn in the pocket) Information on upright time, number of steps, and percentage sedentary time of awake time | Information on consequences of the behavior, goal setting, goal reviewing, action planning, social support | No intervention | Objectively measured total SB by means of the ActivPAL micro inclinometer – attached to the thigh |