Author Year Country | Study design Duration Sample (sample size, mean age/range, sex) | Intervention | Outcome measures (PA, SB, diet) | Retention rate Acceptability Participation rate | Results |
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Lana et al. 2014 [35] Mexico and Spain | Study design 3-group RCT Duration Intervention exposure: 9 months Measurement points: baseline and 9 months Sample N = 2001 (737 analysed); 12–16 years students; 45.2 % (M), 54.8 % (F) | IG 1 & IG 2: Website targeting cancer risk behaviours (advantages of healthy/disadvantages of risky behaviours, skills training to avoid risk behaviours, expert advice, videos, forums, documents, web links, educational games) based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Transtheoretical Model IG 2: Additional weekly text messages encouraging health behaviours CG: No intervention | Behavioural outcomes Diet (fruit and vegetable intake, fat intake); PA (doing PA less than 360 min/week) Measures Online questionnaire Other relevant outcomes BMI | Retention 36.8 % | Diet: Sig. within-group increase in percentage of students consuming enough fruits in all groups (67.0 % mean decrease, p < .001); no sig. within-group changes for other diet behaviours PA: No sig. within-groups change in percentage of students doing less than 360 min/week PA BMI: Sig. within-group changes in percentage of overweight/obese students in IG 2 (19.6 % decrease, p < .05) |
Rotheram–Borus et al. 2012 [50] South Africa | Study design 1-group pre-post-follow-up Duration Intervention exposure: 3 months; Measurement points: baseline, 3 and 6 months N = 22; 53.0 year/21–74 years diabetic township residents; 100 % (F) | 3-component PA and diet program: Weekly educational group sessions addressing healthy lifestyle; daily text messages asking about adherence to healthy behaviours; peer support for lifestyle changes via text messages or call | Behavioural outcomes PA (daily step count) Measurements Pedometer Other relevant outcomes BMI | Retention 100 % Participation rate Participants responded to 54 % of text messages sent by study team; peers exchanged on average 123 text messages weekly | PA: No sig. change in daily step counts from baseline to 3 months (d = 0.03), and from baseline to 6 months (d = 0.27) BMI: No sig. changes (d = −0.07 to 0.07) |
Study design Prospective 2-group RCT Duration Mean duration of follow-up 20.2 months (SD 7.0), either intervention exposure of 24 months or until participants developed diabetes Sample N = 537 (517 analysed); 46.0 year/35–55 years working men with impaired glucose tolerance; 100 % (M) | IG & CG: Face-to-face education and motivation about healthy lifestyle plus written information about diet and PA (balance food intake and PA to achieve/maintain healthy body weight IG: Additional 2–4 weekly text messages; messages based on the Transtheoretical Model and contained information about diet and PA, benefits of healthy diet and PA, strategies for relapse prevention and motivation to maintain healthy diet and PA | Behavioural outcomes Diet (total dietary energy intake, adherence to dietary recommendations, portion size, oil intake, carbohydrate consumption); PA (PA score ranging from 7 to 70, adherence to PA recommendations) Measurements Diet (24 h recall), PA (own questionnaire) Other relevant outcomes BMI, waist circumference | Retention 96 % Acceptability Test messages were welcomed, 3 % were disturbed by text messages at least once | Diet: Sig. difference in mean change = −43.7 kcal/day (95 % CI:−65.5;−22.0) favouring IG; Sig. more participants in IG adhered to dietary recommendations at follow-up (OR 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.01; 1.83); higher percentage of participants in IG improved portion size OR = 0.39 (95 % CI: 0.25; 0.60), oil intake OR = 0.46 (95 % CI: 0.30; 0.69), carbohydrate consumption OR = 0.52 (95 % CI: 0.34; 0.78) vs CG (p < .05) PA: Non-sig. difference in mean change in PA score = −1.0 point (95 % CI:−2.0; 0); Adherence to PA recommendations did not sig. differ at follow-up (OR 1.11, 95 % CI: 0.78; 1.57, p > .05) BMI: Difference in mean change = −0.05 kg/m2 (95 % CI: −0.46; 0.37) Waist circumference: Difference in mean change = 0.04 cm (95 % CI: −0.56; 0.64) The mean lifestyle score was higher in the IG than the CG (2.59 ± 1.13 vs. 2.28 ± 1.17; p = .002) | |
Shetty et al. 2011 [42] India | Study design 2-group RCT Duration Intervention exposure: 12 months Measurement points: baseline and 12 months Sample N = 215 (144 analyzed); 50.3 years/type 2 diabetic patients; Both sexes (no further information) | IG & CG: During initial and follow-up visits education program with individual advice on nutrition and PA IG: Additional 2–4 weekly text messages; reminders/instructions to follow regimen of healthy diet and PA; messages on healthy habits | Behavioural outcomes Diet (scores for components of healthy diet and frequency of adherence to it); PA (scores for occupation and leisure time PA) Measurements Questionnaire Other relevant outcomes BMI | Retention 67 % Acceptability Text messages highly acceptable reminder tool | Diet: No sig. changes in percentage of participants adhering to diet regiment (IG: from 60.3 to 58.4 %; CG: from 54.5 to 52 %) PA: No sig. changes in percentage of participants complying with PA advice (IG: 47 to 56 %; CG: 47 to 52 %) BMI: No sig. changes |
Zolfaghari et al. 2012 [47] Iran | Study design 2-group CT Duration Intervention exposure: 3 months Measurement points: baseline and 3 months Sample N = 80 (77 analysed); 18–65 years diabetes patients; 53 % (F) 47 % (M) | IG1: Phone counselling about diabetes management including health behaviour twice weekly for 1st month and weekly for months 2 and 3. IG2: 6 weekly text messages on diabetes management including behavioural health. | Behavioural outcomes Adherence to diet and PA recommendations as a score Measurements Questionnaire | Retention 96.3 % | Diet Adherence: Sig. within-group increase in IG1 (18.24 ± 2.46, p < .001) and IG2 (16.50 ± 1.98, p < .001) but no sig. between-group changes (d = −0.78, p = .44) PA Adherence: Sig. within-group increase in IG1 (35.66 ± 0.68, p < .001) and IG2 (40.02 ± 1.43, p < .001) but no sig. between-group changes (d = 4.13, p = .33) |
Chen et al. 2014 [51] China | Study design 1-group pre-post Duration Intervention exposure: 1 to 6 months Measurement points: baseline and 1 to 6 months Sample N = 253; 40+ yrs pre diabetic patients in rural area; 68 % (F) 32 % (M) | Computer tailored web-based intervention for diabetes prevention. Delivered each time a patient presents at medical clinic to see general practitioner. Includes education, diabetes risk scoring and tailored feedback on changes on lifestyle behaviours (diet and PA) and barriers. Prompts general practitioner. | Behavioural outcomes PA (one question at follow up to determine increased leisure time exercise) Diet (two questions at follow up to determine reduced calorie intake and increased fruit and vegetable intake) Measurements Interview Other relevant outcomes Body weight, BMI | Retention 91 % Acceptability 8.76–9.20 out of 10. | PA: Sig. change in number of participants who increased leisure time exercise from 16 (6.3 %) to 49 (21.2 %, p < .001) Diet: Sig. increase in number participants who reduced caloric intake from 4 (1.6 %) to 165 (71.4 %, p < .001); Sig. increase in number of participants who increased fruit-and vegetable intake from 43 (17 %) to 205 (88.7 %, p < .001) BMI: Sig. reduction from 24.8 kg/m2 (±3.21) to 23.4 kg/m2 (±2.95) (d = 0.49, p < .001) Body weight: Sig. reduction from 62.1 kg (±9.85) to 58.3 kg (±9.18) (d = 3.43, p < .001) |
Tamban et al. 2013 [43] Philippines | Study design 2-group RCT Duration Intervention exposure: 6 months Measurement points: baseline, 3 months and 6 months Sample N = 125 (104 analysed); 19–50 year diabetes patients; 48 % (F) 52 % (M). | IG & CG: Lecture from diabetes educator and usual appointments with diabetes educator and endocrinologist. IG: Additional text messages 3 times weekly for 6 months on healthy diet, exercise and consequences of negative health behaviours. | Behavioural outcomes PA (adherence to 30 mins of exercise on 5 days weekly) Diet (Number of meals meeting diet recommendations and number of days adhered to 3 proper meals recommendation) Measurement Interview Other relevant outcomes BMI, Body weight | Retention 79 % | PA: Sig. between-group increase in minutes of exercise at 6 months favouring the IG (p = .02); no sig. between-group changes in mean number of days meeting PA recommendations Diet: Sig. between-group improvements in adherence to 3 meals per day recommendation favouring IG (p = .02); no sig. between-group changes in mean number of days meeting diet recommendations. BMI: No sig. between-within group changes Body weight: No sig. between-within group changes |
Nurgul et al. 2015 [52] Turkey | Study design 1-group pre-post Duration Intervention exposure: 3 months Measurement points: baseline and 3 months Sample N = 44 (30 analysed); 18–55 years university employees; 100 % (F) | Web-based health intervention: Modules delivered every 3 weeks. 1 module on nutrition, 1 on diet and 1 on smoking and stress. Modules consist of an audio-visual lecture. | Behavioural outcomes PA and Diet (Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile) Measurement Online Questionnaire | Retention 68.2 % | PA: Sig. increase from 16.63 points (±5.33) to 19.20 points (±5.25), d = −0.48, p = .004 Diet: Sig. increase from 20.70 points (±3.90) to 23.47 points (±3.41), d = −0.81, p = .001 |
Bombem et al. 2013 [48] Brazil | Study design 2-group CT Duration Intervention exposure: 6 months Measurement points: baseline and 6 months Sample N = 279 (236 analysed); 18–64 years adult employees; 42.3 % (M), 57.7 % (F) | IG: Healthy Weight Program incl. dietary and PA education through tailored monthly email messages, as well as goal setting, and self-monitoring of weight. Based on Social Cognitive Theory. CG: Wait-list control Healthy weight program at the end of 6-months intervention | Behavioural outcomes Diet (food and beverage intake incl. fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, meat, legumes; fat and sodium intake) Measures 24 h dietary recall, phone interview | Retention 85 % | Diet: Sig. decrease in overall diet quality score in both groups (p < .05). Sig. more decrease in diet quality score in CG compared to IG (adjusted impact: 3.55, 95 % CI: 1.52; 5.57). Sig. increase in grains, but decrease in vegetable consumption, meat, eggs, sodium intake, and overall diet quality score (p < .05). |
Sriramatr et al. 2014 [44] Thailand | Study design 2-group RCT Duration Intervention exposure: 3 months Measurement points: baseline, 3 and 6 months Sample N = 110; 19.0 year/18–24 years students; 100 % (F) | IG: Website and weekly emails incl. PA education, tailored advice, goal setting and self-monitoring via pedometer. Based on the Social Cognitive Theory. CG: Pedometer without website and emails. | Behavioural outcomes PA (daily step count, weekly leisure-time PA score) Measurements Online Questionnaire Pedometer | Retention 79 % Participation Rate 90–95 % accessed website, recorded PA and set PA goals each week | PA daily step counts: Mean difference in change from baseline to 3 months between groups was 3766 steps favouring IG. Mean difference in change from baseline to 6 months between groups was 3360 steps favouring IG PA leisure time activity score: Mean difference in change from baseline to 3 months between groups was 15.13 points favouring IG. Mean difference in change from baseline to 6 months between groups was 14.87 points favouring IG |
Shahid et al. 2015 [45] Pakistan | Study design 2-group RCT Duration Intervention exposure: 4 months Measurement points: baseline and 4 months Sample N = 440; 49.08 years/18–70 year, type-2 diabetes patients; 61.4 % (M), 38.6 % (F) | IG & CG: Usual care plus leaflet on diet and a healthy lifestyle IG: Additional regular (every 15 days) mobile phone calls to provide feedback on self-monitored blood glucose levels over the past readings of 15 days. | Behavioural outcomes Diet; PA (if they are following diet plan and are physically active) Measures Not reported Other relevant outcomes BMI | Retention Not reported | Diet: Sig. increase in proportion of participants following dietary plan from baseline (17.3 %) to 4 months (43.6 %) in IG (p < .001). Non-sig. in CG PA: Sig. increase in proportion of physically active participants from baseline (16.4 %) to 4 months (44.5 %) in IG (p < .001) Non-sig. in CG BMI: Sig. reduction (p < .001) in IG (.96 ± .09) and CG (1.02 ± .09); d of difference in change − 0.67 favouring CG |
Müller et al. 2016 [46] Malaysia | Study design 2-group RCT Duration Intervention exposure (text messaging): 3 months Measurement points: baseline, 3 and 6 months Sample N = 43 (39 analysed); 63.3 years/55–70 year, 26 % (M), 74 % (F) | IG & CG: Printed exercise booklet with 12 age appropriate exercises. IG: Additional 60 encouraging text messages over 3 months (content based on effective Behavior Change Techniques | Behavioural outcomes PA (weekly exercise frequency using the exercise booklet; PA-related energy expenditure; daily time spent sitting) Measures Exercise diary International PA Questionnaire (short) Other relevant outcomes BMI | Retention 86 % Acceptability IG participants liked the text messages and those who faced exercise barriers benefited from them. | PA (exercise frequency): Sig. more often exercise in IG (3.7 ± 1.3) compared to CG (2.5 ± 1.85) at 3 months (d = 0.76, p = .027); Non-sig. difference at 6 months (3.1 ± 1.3 vs. 2.3 ± 1.9, d = 0.45, p = .18) PA (PA related energy expenditure): No sig. between-within group changes PA (daily time spent sitting): No sig. between-within group changes BMI: No sig. between-group changes |
Rubinstein et al. 2016 [36] Peru, Argentina, Guatemala | Study design 2-group RCT Duration Intervention exposure: 12 months Measurement points: baseline and 12 months Sample N = 637 (553 analysed); 43.4 years/30–60 year, adults with prehypertension 46 % (M), 54 % (F) | IG and CG: Leaflet with information on adoption of healthy lifestyle IG: Additional monthly calls to motivate participants to adhere to healthy behaviours (diet and PA) plus max. 5 text messages per month that were based on the Transtheoretical Model (target on chosen diet/PA behaviour). | Behavioural outcomes PA (weekly MET-minutes) Diet (daily intake of sodium, fat and sugar, fruits and vegetables) Measures International PA Questionnaire (short) Food Frequency Questionnaire Other relevant outcomes BMI, body weight, waist circumference | Retention: 86.8 % Acceptability: Participants found call and text messages helpful Participation rate: Only 3 % received all 12 calls, call duration 20–30 min, median of 23 text messages over 12 months | PA: Mean difference in change between groups − 80.4 (95 % CI:−386; 225.5, p = .61) Diet (daily sodium intake): Mean difference in change between groups − 0.07 (95 % CI:−0.25;0.12 p = .49) Diet (daily fat and sugar intake): Mean difference in change between groups − 0.75 (95 % CI:−1.30;−0.20, p = .008) Diet (daily intake of fruits and vegetables): Mean difference in change between groups 0.25 (95 % CI:−0.01; 51, p = .05) BMI: Mean difference in change between groups − 0.30 (95 % CI: −0.59; 0.06, p = .02) Body weight: Mean difference in change between groups −0.66 (95 % CI: −1.24; −0.07, p = .04) Waist circumference: Mean difference in change between groups −0.64 (95 % CI: −1.62; 0.35, p = .21) |
Ganesan et al., 2016 [37] 92 % of participants from developing countries (India, China, Philippines) | Study design 1-group pre-post Duration Intervention exposure: 2.5 months Measurement points: baseline and 2.5 months Sample N = 69219 (36652 analysed); 36.0 year (±9 years), adult employees; 76.1 % (M), 23.9 % (F) | 100-day Stepathlon programme: Participants received pedometer and entered daily step count into Stepathlon website or app. Website to facilitate motivation and engagement via self-monitoring, social networking, quizzes, expert chats and competition between employees. Encouraging emails daily and when milestones were reached. | Behavioural outcomes PA (daily step count, weekly exercise days, daily sitting time) Measures Pedometer Online survey Other relevant outcomes Body weight | Retention: 53.0 % | PA (daily step count): Sig. increase of 3519 steps (95 % CI: 3484; 3553, p < .001) PA (weekly exercise days): Sig. increase of 0.89 days/week (95 % CI: 0.87; 0.92, p < .001) PA (daily sitting time): Sig. decrease of 0.74 h/day steps (95 % CI:−0.78;−0.71, p < .001) Body weight: Sig. reducion of 1.45 kg (95 % CI:−1.53;−1.38, p < .001) |
Pfammatter et al., 2016 [49] India | Study design 2-group CT Duration Intervention exposure: 6 months Measurement points: baseline and 6 months Sample N = 1925 (1243 analysed); 32.2 years (±10.6 years); 88.52 % (M), 11.48 % (F) | IG: 56 motivational text messages addressing awareness of diabetes and diabetes risk behaviours CG: No intervention | Behavioural outcomes PA (current exercise) Diet (fruit, vegetable and fat intake) Measures Telephone survey | Retention: 64.6 % | PA: No sig. between-group change in exercise participation (p > .05) Diet (daily intake of fruit and vegetables): Sig. between-group increase favouring the IG (p < .001) Diet (fat intake): Sig. between-group decrease favouring the IG (p < .001) |