Author (date) | Outcome | Pre-intervention | At-intervention | Post-intervention | Overall biasa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in measurement of interventions | Bias due to departures from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | |||
Branas et al. [37] | Self-report | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Critical |
Cohen et al. [38] | 1) Systematic observation | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious | Serious | Critical |
2) Self-report | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious | |
Cohen et al. [39] | Systematic observation | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious | Serious | Critical |
Cohen et al. [40] | 1) Systematic observation | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Critical | Serious | Critical |
2) Self-report | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Critical | Serious | Critical | |
Fitzhugh et al. [41] | Systematic observation | Serious | Serious | Serious | Low | Low | Serious | Serious | Critical |
Gustat et al. [42] | 1) Self-report | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious | Serious | Serious |
2) Systematic observation | Serious | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Serious | Critical | |
Krizek et al. [43] | Self-report | Critical | Serious | Serious | Serious | No information | Serious | Serious | Critical |
Merom et al. [44] | Self-report | Serious | Critical | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Critical | Serious | Critical |
Parker et al. [45] | Systematic observation | Serious | Serious | Serious | Low | Low | Serious | Serious | Critical |
Tester and Baker [46] | Systematic observation | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Critical |
Veitch et al. [47] | Systematic observation | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Serious |
West and Shores [48] | Self-report | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Critical |