Trajectories of eating behaviors in a nationally representative cohort of U.S. adolescents during the transition to young adulthood

Table 7 Estimates from linear generalized estimating equation models examining associations of time-varying body mass index (BMI, kg/m²) with time-varying meal practices (days/week)^a

	Model 5		Model 6		Model 7		Model 8
Independent variables	βest (SE)	P	βest (SE)	P	βest (SE)	P	βest (SE)	P
Family meals	−0.12 (0.10)	0.24	--		--		--
Breakfast	--		−0.05 (0.05)	0.25	--		--
Fast food restaurant	--		--		−0.10 (0.11)	0.36	--
TV meals^b	--		--		--		0.08 (0.05)	0.11
Wave (year)	0.45 (0.06)	<0.001	0.48 (0.05)	<0.001	0.49 (0.06)	<0.001	0.47 (0.05)	<0.001
Baseline height (cm)	0.01 (0.02)	0.58	0.02 (0.02)	0.47	0.01 (0.02)	0.54	0.02 (0.02)	0.47
Sex (male = ref)	0.01 (0.48)	0.98	0.09 (0.52)	0.87	0.05 (0.48)	0.92	0.11 (0.53)	0.83
Race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White = ref)
Non-Hispanic Black	2.04 (0.84)	0.02	2.36 (0.87)	0.01	1.97 (0.81)	0.02	2.30 (0.87)	0.02
Hispanic	1.27 (0.57)	0.04	1.43 (0.58)	0.02	1.27 (0.57)	0.04	1.42 (0.58)	0.02
Other	0.29 (0.65)	0.67	0.48 (0.68)	0.49	0.29 (0.66)	0.66	0.47 (0.68)	0.49
Family Affluence Score^c	−0.20 (0.20)	0.32	−0.22 (0.23)	0.35	−0.21 (0.20)	0.31	−0.22 (0.23)	0.34
Parent education (<High school graduate = ref)
High school graduate	0.20 (0.65)	0.76	0.27 (0.65)	0.68	0.20 (0.65)	0.76	0.27 (0.65)	0.68
Some college	0.48 (0.65)	0.46	0.60 (0.65)	0.37	0.46 (0.65)	0.48	0.60 (0.66)	0.37
Bachelor’s degree	−0.79 (0.79)	0.33	−0.75 (0.82)	0.37	−0.80 (0.80)	0.33	−0.73 (0.82)	0.38
Graduate degree	0.02 (0.95)	0.99	0.07 (0.97)	0.95	0.004 (0.97)	>0.99	0.11 (0.96)	0.91
Urbanicity (urban = ref)
Suburban	1.10 (0.65)	0.10	1.23 (0.69)	0.08	1.10 (0.65)	0.10	1.23 (0.69)	0.09
Rural	0.93 (0.54)	0.10	1.03 (0.57)	0.08	0.93 (0.54)	0.10	1.05 (0.57)	0.08
Vigorous physical activity (hours/week)	−0.11 (0.03)	0.002	−0.12 (0.04)	0.01	−0.12 (0.04)	0.003	−0.11 (0.04)	0.01

^aSeparate models examined associations of time-varying BMI outcome with each meal practice, adjusted for wave, time-varying height and vigorous physical activity, and baseline sociodemographic characteristics
^bWatching television during meals
^cRanging from 0 (low affluence) to 7 (high affluence)

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