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Table 3 Associations of perceived environmental attributes with transport-related cycling (min/wk)

From: Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with adults’ transport-related walking and cycling: Findings from the USA, Australia and Belgium

Variables

exp(b)

exp (95% CI)

p

STEP 1: Separate models with single environmental attributes

Main effects

Residential density

1.002

1.001, 1.004

.008

Land use mix-diversity – proximity of destinations

1.186

1.071, 1.312

.001

Land use mix-diversity – # destinations within 20min walk

1.182

1.067, 1.310

.001

Land use mix-access

1.132

1.021, 1.256

.019

Not many cul-de-sacs

1.110

1.010, 1.220

.032

Parking difficult near local shopping areas

1.145

1.036, 1.266

.008

Not many barriers in neighborhood

1.101

0.972, 1.248

.130

Street connectivity

1.175

1.063, 1.300

.002

Proximity of transit stop

1.088

1.001, 1.183

.047

Walking and cycling facilities

1.152

1.040, 1.275

.007

Aesthetics

1.045

0.932, 1.172

.454

Traffic safety

0.981

0.843, 1.142

.130

Crime safety

1.042

0.893, 1.217

.603

Interaction effects

Gender by Aesthetics

Association in men

1.471

1.170, 1.850

<.001

Association in women

0.874

0.714, 1.069

.190

Gender by Crime safety

  

Association in men

1.350

1.078, 1.690

.009

Association in women

0.901

0.745, 1.089

.280

Site by Parking difficult near local shopping areas

Association in Ghent, Belgium

1.058

0.842, 1.329

.627

Association in Seattle, USA

1.267

1.016, 1.580

.036

Association in Baltimore, USA

1.564

1.198, 2.042

<.001

Association in Adelaide, Australia

1.038

0.900, 1.196

.609

Site by Aesthetics

Association in Ghent, Belgium

1.120

0.786, 1.598

.531

Association in Seattle, USA

1.153

0.835, 1.592

.386

Association in Baltimore, USA

2.251

1.454, 3.482

<.001

Association in Adelaide, Australia

0.875

0.694, 1.102

.256

Site by Crime safety

Association in Ghent, Belgium

1.040

0.709, 1.524

.842

Association in Seattle, USA

1.076

0.766, 1.513

.672

Association in Baltimore, USA

1.842

1.230, 2.759

.003

Association in Adelaide, Australia

0.937

0.767, 1.144

.522

STEP 2: Model with multiple environmental attributes and interaction effects *

Land use mix-diversity – proximity of destinations

1.156

1.013, 1.318

.031

Parking difficult near local shopping areas

1.111

1.001, 1.232

.046

Walking and cycling facilities

1.295

1.061, 1.582

.011

Gender by Aesthetics

Association in men

1.593

1.245, 2.038

<.001

Association in women

0.933

0.741, 1.173

.551

Site by Aesthetics

Association in Ghent, Belgium

1.280

0.894, 1.831

.177

Association in Seattle, USA

0.960

0.690, 1.335

.807

Association in Baltimore, USA

2.195

1.401, 3.439

<.001

Association in Adelaide, Australia

0.818

0.640, 1.045

.108

STEP 3: Final model with composite environmental index of cyclability**

Index (Land use mix-diversity, proximity of destinations + Parking difficult in near shopping areas + Walking and cycling facilities + Aesthetics)

1.111

1.056, 1.169

<.001

  1. Note. Gender, age, living arrangements (with vs. without partner), driver’s license holder (yes vs. no), tertiary education (yes vs. no), area household income (in deciles), body mass index, study site, and weekly minutes of other types of physical activity (household, work and leisure) were included as covariates in all models. All regression models used a negative binomial variance function and a logarithmic link function. Only significant interaction effects are presented. Exp(b) antilogarithm of regression coefficient; exp(95% CI) = antilogarithms of the 95% confidence intervals of the regression coefficient; p = probability value; * = final model including only predictors significant at p<.15; **= final model including cyclability index based on environmental attributes independently positively related to cycling. The antilogarithms of the regression coefficients represent the proportional increase (if exp(b) > 1.00) or decrease (if exp(b)<1.00) in average min/wk of transport-related cycling associated with a unit increase in a perceived environmental attribute.
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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