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Table 5 Summary of findings and quality of evidence assessment for physical activity interventions vs control

From: Evidence on physical activity and osteoporosis prevention for people aged 65+ years: a systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour

Outcome

Summary of findings

Quality of evidence assessment (GRADE)

Effect sizea (95% CI)

n (trials)

Study limitations

Imprecision

Inconsistency

Publication bias

Quality

Main outcome

0.15 (0.05 to 0.25)

1560 (20)

-1b

None

None

None

Moderate

Femoral neck BMD

0.09 (− 0.03 to 0.21)

1032 (14)

-1b

None

None

-1c

Low

Lumbar spine BMD

0.17 (0.04 to 0.30)

874 (11)

-1b

None

None

None

Moderate

  1. BMD bone mineral density, n number of participants
  2. apooled standardised effect size and 95% confidence intervals (positive value favours physical activity interventions)
  3. b > 50% of studies in the meta-analysis had a PEDro score < 6/10
  4. cSerious small study effects suggested by visual inspection of funnel plot or sensitivity analysis investigating the impact of removal of small studies on pooled estimate