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Table 3 Income, Origin Built Environment and Distance Travelled

From: Where we eat is who we are: a survey of food-related travel patterns to Singapore’s hawker centers, food courts and coffee shops

 

Dependent variable:

 

Travel Distance (km)

 

Model i b

Model ii b

Model iii b

 

B (95%CI)

B(95%CI)

B (95%CI)

Income Categorya

   

Mid Income

−0.65 (−2.39, 1.10)

−0.09 (−1.82, 1.63)

0.19 (−1.58, 1.96)

Low Income

−0.91 (−2.24, 0.43)

0.19 (−0.94, 1.31)

0.56 (−0.60, 1.72)

No Income Info

−1.44 (−3.28, 0.39)

−1.13 (−2.33, 0.08)

−0.61 (−1.85, 0.63)

Ethnicitya

   

Indian

0.41 (−1.64, 2.45)

  

Malay

−0.81 (−3.68, 2.07)

  

Other Ethnicity

−0.29 (−2.35, 1.77)

  

Age Categorya

   

Under 30

−0.54 (−1.52, 0.44)

  

More than 65

−0.54 (−3.67, 2.58)

  

Age: no response

−0.53 (−3.13, 2.06)

  

Gendera

   

Male

0.67 (−0.66, 1.99)

  

Survey Locationa

   

Hong Lim

 

−0.06 (−0.65, 0.53)

−0.40 (−0.98, 0.18)

Tanglin

 

−2.72 (−4.42,−1.01)

−3.19 (−4.38,−1.99)

Jurong West

 

−5.53 (−7.47,−3.59)

−4.21 (−5.90,−2.53)

Buangkok

 

−5.03 (−6.27,−3.79)

−3.18 (−4.56,−1.80)

Bukit Gombak

 

−4.93 (−6.59,−3.26)

−3.38 (−4.85,−1.91)

Marine Parade

 

−3.14 (−4.78,−1.50)

−3.19 (−4.22,−2.15)

Changi Village

 

1.34 (−0.51, 3.19)

0.83 (−0.60, 2.26)

Origin Typea

   

Origin: Work

 

−1.59 (−4.33, 1.16)

−1.23 (−3.75, 1.29)

Origin: Other

 

−1.05 (−4.15, 2.04)

−0.75 (−3.12, 1.61)

Time of Surveya

   

Morning

 

0.35 (−0.96, 1.66)

0.46 (−0.72, 1.65)

Evening

 

0.29 (−1.04, 1.61)

0.60 (−0.15, 1.35)

Origin’s Food Intensity (km2)

 

−0.01 (−0.01,−0.002)

−0.002 (−0.01, 0.003)

Origin’s PT Intensity (km2)

 

−0.01 (−0.09, 0.07)

−0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)

Travel Modea

   

Public Transport

  

−0.07 (−0.96, 0.83)

Walking

  

−5.06 (−6.30,−3.82)

Other

  

−1.38 (−4.57, 1.80)

Interactions

   

Work:Morning

 

2.51 (−1.29, 6.31)

0.66 (−2.82, 4.15)

Other:Morning

 

−3.11 (−5.02,−1.19)

−1.84 (−4.81, 1.13)

Work: Evening

 

2.00 (−0.99, 5.00)

1.11 (−0.96, 3.18)

Other:Evening

 

0.97 (−1.67, 3.61)

−0.24 (−2.36, 1.89)

Constant

5.29 (3.52, 7.05)

8.61 (4.50, 12.73)

9.37 (6.46, 12.28)

Observations

529

529

529

R2

0.01

0.24

0.36

Adjusted R2

-0.004

0.21

0.33

  1. p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
  2. aReference Categories for Categorical Variables: High Income,Chinese, Age 30-65, Female, Bugis, Home, Afternoon, Car
  3. bRegression coefficients(B) with (95 confidence interval) are from ordinary least squares linear regression models, with survey location modeled as a fixed effect