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Table 1 Analysis of Change-on-Change Studies at different Time-points: comparison of univariate analyses at each time-point with a multivariate analysis allowing for correlation of outcomes at different time-points

From: The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults

Follow-up Period

Separate Meta-analysis at Time-point

Mean Difference [95% CI]

Multivariate Meta-analysis across Time-points

Mean Difference [95% CI]

≤ 4 months

1172 [815, 1528]

1126 [787, 1466]

Approximately 6 months

1156 [672, 1641]

1050 [602, 1498]

1 year

458 [277, 638]

464 [301, 626]

2 years

66 [−92, 224]

121 [−64, 306]

3–4 years

494 [251, 738]

434 [191, 676]

  1. Both Univariate and Multivariate models fitted using REML as MM option not available for multivariate model