Development and validation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale for youth across six continents

Table 5 Associations of objectively-assessed binary measures of area-level socio-economic status (SES) and walkability with scores on the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth for the IPEN Adolescent study (NEWS-Y-IPEN)

NEWS-Y subscale	Hypotheses	Area-level SES (ref: low SES)		Area-level walkability (ref: low walkability)
NEWS-Y subscale	Hypotheses	b (95% CI)	p	b (95% CI)	p
Residential density	+ association with walkability	−3.45 (−11.96, 5.07)	.428	50.36 (41.77, 58.94)	<.001
Land use mix – diversity	+ association with walkability	0.01 (−0.03, 0.06)	.629	0.44 (0.39, 0.49)	<.001
Recreational facilities	+ association with SES and walkability	0.14 (0.08, 0.19)	<.001	0.16 (0.11, 0.21)	<.001
Accessibility & walking facilities	+ association with walkability	0.02 (−0.01, 0.05)	.215	0.24 (0.21, 0.28)	<.001
Traffic safety	+ association with SES	0.05 (0.02, 0.09)	.005	−0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03)	.576
Pedestrian infrastructure & safety	+ association with SES and walkability	0.00 (−0.04, 0.04)	.934	0.16 (0.12, 0.20)	<.001
Safety from crime	+ association with SES	0.16 (0.11, 0.21)	<.001	0.01 (−0.04, 0.06)	.635
Aesthetics	+ association with SES	0.18 (0.13, 0.22)	<.001	0.06 (0.02, 0.11)	.008

Notes. + = positive; b = regression coefficient point estimate, CI confidence intervals; ref. = reference category; p = p-value; all models adjusted for child’s age and sex, and country. Clustering at the neighborhood and/or school level accounted for

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