Table 1 Characteristicsa of Participating Adults, Adolescents, and Children by Restaurant Chain and Timing of Purchase
From: Evaluation of the impact of calorie labeling on McDonald’s restaurant menus: a natural experiment
Adults | Adolescents | Children | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
McDonald’s | Other chain | McDonald’s | Other chain | McDonald’s | Other chain | |||||||
Pre (n = 579) | Post (n = 343) | Pre (n = 1294) | Post (n = 755) | Pre (n = 546) | Post (n = 332) | Pre (n = 752) | Post (n = 534) | Pre (n = 126) | Post (n = 59) | Pre (n = 177) | Post (n = 85) | |
Age, years | 37.9 (16.7) | 38.3 (15.7) | 36.9 (15.9) | 38.1 (15.2) | 15.8 (2.9) | 15.7 (2.7) | 16.6 (2.7) | 16.7 (2.5) | 7.8 (3.0) | 8.5 (3.1) | 8.4 (3.3) | 8.2 (3.1) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.0 (6.1) | 27.6 (5.8) | 27.9 (6.2) | 28.1 (6.0) | 23.1 (4.5) | 23.5 (5.0) | 23.6 (4.8) | 24.2 (5.3) | 20.0 (6.0) | 22.1 (7.0) | 22.2 (6.9) | 22.3 (7.6) |
BMI-for-age-and-sex z score | – | – | – | – | 0.52 (0.92) | 0.54 (1.09) | 0.49 (1.03) | 0.59 (0.98) | 0.76 (1.91) | 1.11 (1.67) | 1.24 (1.54) | 1.27 (1.69) |
Sex (%) | ||||||||||||
Male | 52 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 51 | 55 | 52 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 49 | 48 |
Female | 48 | 48 | 40 | 39 | 49 | 45 | 48 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 51 | 52 |
Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||||||||||
White | 34 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 20 | 15 | 17 | 24 | 15 |
Black | 34 | 36 | 29 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 34 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 27 | 33 |
Hispanic | 20 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 30 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 28 | 29 | 33 | 35 |
Asian | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
Other | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 13 |
City (%) | ||||||||||||
Boston | 28 | 39 | 24 | 37 | 55 | 70 | 44 | 54 | 29 | 44 | 35 | 52 |
Hartford | 28 | 21 | 34 | 24 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 14 | 33 | 19 | 35 | 21 |
Providence | 30 | 28 | 22 | 27 | 18 | 7 | 25 | 20 | 23 | 19 | 16 | 15 |
Springfield | 14 | 12 | 20 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 14 | 12 |
Restaurant (%) | ||||||||||||
McDonald’s | 100 | 100 | – | – | 100 | 100 | – | – | 100 | 100 | – | – |
Burger King | – | – | 43 | 48 | – | – | 35 | 29 | – | – | 54 | 67 |
Kentucky Fried Chicken | – | – | 17 | 16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 20 | 12 |
Subway | – | – | 25 | 22 | – | – | 21 | 21 | – | – | 14 | 14 |
Wendy’s | – | – | 15 | 14 | – | – | 16 | 18 | – | – | 12 | 7 |
Dunkin’ Donuts | – | – | – | – | 28 | 32 | – | – | – | – | ||
Importance of calories in selecting meals (%) | ||||||||||||
Not at all | 49 | 47 | 49 | 50 | 46 | 47 | 51 | 55 | 48 | 37 | 40 | 34 |
A little | 26 | 26 | 25 | 22 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 27 | 23 | 27 | 30 | 27 |
A lot | 24 | 27 | 26 | 28 | 23 | 22 | 18 | 19 | 30 | 36 | 30 | 39 |
Estimation of daily calorie needs (%) | ||||||||||||
< 1000 | 20 | 26 | 17 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 19 | 21 | 35 | 46 | 28 | 44 |
≥ 1000- < 2000 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 33 | 37 | 37 | 41 | 41 | 34 | 43 | 35 |
≥ 2000- < 3000 | 33 | 23 | 30 | 26 | 31 | 25 | 34 | 28 | 17 | 16 | 23 | 18 |
≥ 3000 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 3 |