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Table 2 Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and population attributable risk percent for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by healthy lifestyle factors

From: Adherence to a healthy lifestyle and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese adults: a 10-year prospective study of 0.5 million people

 

No. of deaths in healthy group

Mortality rate per 1000 person-years in healthy group

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Population attributable risk percent (95% CI)

All-cause mortality

 Non-smoking

21,140

6.12

0.77 (0.75, 0.79)

10.6 (9.5, 11.7)

 Non-excessive alcohol intake

33,911

7.51

0.88 (0.85, 0.91)

1.3 (0.9, 1.7)

 Being physically active

16,454

6.76

0.78 (0.76, 0.80)

13.9 (12.9, 15.0)

 Healthy dietary habits

2233

5.43

0.89 (0.85, 0.93)

11.8 (8.0, 15.5)

 Healthy body weight and fat

24,755

7.12

0.76 (0.75, 0.78)

8.2 (7.5, 8.9)

Ischaemic heart disease

 Non-smoking

3013

0.87

0.75 (0.69, 0.80)

10.4 (7.6, 13.1)

 Non-excessive alcohol intake

4767

1.06

1.01 (0.90, 1.13)

NAa

 Being physically active

1892

0.78

0.78 (0.73, 0.83)

15.3 (12.4, 18.3)

 Healthy dietary habits

304

0.74

0.85 (0.75, 0.95)

15.8 (6.0, 25.2)

 Healthy body weight and fat

3027

0.87

0.73 (0.68, 0.77)

11.1 (9.2, 12.9)

Ischaemic stroke

 Non-smoking

917

0.27

0.72 (0.63, 0.82)

11.6 (6.6, 16.5)

 Non-excessive alcohol intake

1453

0.32

0.89 (0.73, 1.08)

0.9 (−0.7, 2.5)

 Being physically active

538

0.22

0.63 (0.56, 0.71)

25.7 (20.9, 30.4)

 Healthy dietary habits

91

0.22

0.87 (0.70, 1.08)

14.0 (−4.1, 31.2)

 Healthy body weight and fat

988

0.28

0.81 (0.72, 0.90)

6.7 (3.1, 10.3)

Haemorrhagic stroke

 Non-smoking

2600

0.75

0.93 (0.86, 1.01)

3.5 (0.2, 6.8)

 Non-excessive alcohol intake

4071

0.90

0.76 (0.68, 0.84)

2.4 (1.3, 3.5)

 Being physically active

2088

0.86

0.76 (0.71, 0.81)

13.3 (10.3, 16.2)

 Healthy dietary habits

149

0.36

0.78 (0.66, 0.93)

23.1 (10.3, 35.2)

 Healthy body weight and fat

2975

0.86

0.82 (0.77, 0.88)

5.3 (3.2, 7.5)

Cancer

 Non-smoking

6712

1.94

0.70 (0.67, 0.74)

13.7 (11.8, 15.6)

 Non-excessive alcohol intake

10,887

2.41

0.75 (0.71, 0.80)

3.4 (2.6, 4.2)

 Being physically active

5984

2.46

0.90 (0.87, 0.94)

6.3 (4.5, 8.1)

 Healthy dietary habits

931

2.26

0.95 (0.89, 1.02)

4.3 (−1.9, 10.5)

 Healthy body weight and fat

8715

2.51

0.91 (0.87, 0.95)

2.5 (1.2, 3.8)

Respiratory diseases

 Non-smoking

982

0.30

0.70 (0.62, 0.79)

13.6 (8.8, 18.4)

 Non-excessive alcohol intake

1657

0.39

0.93 (0.79, 1.10)

0.6 (−1.0, 2.3)

 Being physically active

771

0.34

0.68 (0.61, 0.75)

19.8 (15.3, 24.1)

 Healthy dietary habits

110

0.28

1.00 (0.81, 1.22)

2.5 (−15.8, 20.6)

 Healthy body weight and fat

1074

0.33

0.56 (0.51, 0.61)

19.1 (16.8, 21.3)

Other causes

 Non-smoking

6157

1.78

0.87 (0.82, 0.91)

4.8 (2.7, 6.8)

 Non-excessive alcohol intake

9392

2.08

0.95 (0.88, 1.01)

0.5 (−0.2, 1.2)

 Being physically active

4467

1.83

0.76 (0.73, 0.80)

14.8 (12.8, 16.7)

 Healthy dietary habits

589

1.43

0.86 (0.79, 0.93)

14.7 (7.7, 21.6)

 Healthy body weight and fat

6918

1.99

0.76 (0.73, 0.79)

7.9 (6.6, 9.2)

  1. Low-risk lifestyle factors were defined as follows: non-smoking or having stopped for reasons other than illness; non-daily drinking or drinking < 30 g (men)/15 g (women) of pure alcohol per day; engaging in an age- (< 50 years, 50–59 years, and ≥ 60 years) sex-specific median or higher level of physical activity; eating a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes and fish, and low in red meat; having a BMI between 18.5 and 27.9 kg/m2 and a WC < 90 cm (men)/85 cm (women). Multivariable model was adjusted for sex (men or women); education (no formal school, primary school, middle school, high school, college, or university or higher); marital status (married, widowed, divorced or separated, or never married); family histories of heart attack, stroke and cancer (presence, absence, or unknown); and hip circumference (continuous). All five lifestyle factors were included simultaneously in the same model
  2. aNo meaningful PAR% estimate was obtained because the estimated relative risk for this factor in the model had a negative coefficient