Effects of eating with an augmented fork with vibrotactile feedback on eating rate and body weight: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Meal duration, Total bites per meal, and Pause duration at baseline, T2¹, and T3¹ of the three different intervention groups with p - values for Phase (T1, T2, or T3), Condition (NFC, VFC, or VFC+), and PhaseCondition^; for number of observations see the flowchart. Mean ± SD

	NFC	VFC	VFC+	Phase	Condition	Phase x condition
Meal duration (seconds):
Baseline	589 ± 35^a	694 ± 34^†	651 ± 37^a†
T2	683 ± 38^b	722 ± 35	679 ± 38^a
T3	683 ± 40^b	752 ± 38	791 ± 38^b	*< .0001*	.24	.14
Total bites (per meal):
Baseline	55.8 ± 4.1	65.5 ± 3.9	59.2 ± 4.2
T2	59.8 ± 4.2^a†	49.9 ± 3.9^ab†	41.9 ± 4.3^b†
T3	63.8 ± 4.4^†	57.3 ± 4.2	53.3 ± 4.3	*< .0001*	.29	*< .0001*
Pause duration (seconds):
Baseline	13.1 ± 1.1^a	13.1 ± 1.1^a	14.3 ± 1.2^a
T2	14.7 ± 1.2^a	19.3 ± 1.1^b†	21.3 ± 1.2^b†
T3	15.2 ± 1.3^a†	17.7 ± 1.3^b†‡	19.8 ± 1.2^b‡	*< .0001*	.64	*.019*

1 NFC no feedback condition, VFC vibrotactile feedback condition, VFC+ vibrotactile + visual feedback condition
T1: Baseline measurement before the intervention period; T2: follow-up measurement directly after the intervention period; T3: follow-up measurement eight weeks after the intervention period.
* p-values Mixed model ANOVA, fixed factors: phase of the study, condition, phase*condition, random factor: subject. Boldface: significant at at least p < .05
Columns with different letters are significantly different (at least p < 0.05)
Rows with different symbols are significantly different (at least p < 0.05)

ISSN: 1479-5868