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Table 1 Baseline demographics and health-related characteristics of participants in the four designated groups

From: Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition interventions improve frailty in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Characteristics

Total na

Control

(n = 80)

Exercise

(n = 79)

Nutrition

(n = 83)

Combination

(n = 77)

p-values

Age (years)

319

72.5 ± 5.5

72.0 ± 6.0

70.4 ± 5.3

71.6 ± 6.0

0.101

Sex (women)

319

29 (36.3)

33 (41.8)

38 (45.8)

27 (35.1)

0.474

Education (>  6 years)

319

45 (56.3)

42 (53.2)

45 (54.2)

44 (57.1)

0.957

ADL dependency (<  60 points)

319

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

1 (1.3)

0.740

GDS (scores)

319

2.2 ± 1.7

2.5 ± 1.8

2.6 ± 1.9

2.4 ± 1.6

0.441

SF-12 MCS (scores)

318

53.8 ± 7.9

53.9 ± 8.1

53.4 ± 7.8

55.8 ± 7.0

0.404

MMSE (scores)

319

27.7 ± 1.9

27.6 ± 2.3

27.4 ± 2.2

27.6 ± 2.4

0.781

BMI (kg/m2)

319

25.1 ± 3.5

25.1 ± 3.3

25.5 ± 3.4

24.4 ± 3.7

0.293

Handgrip strength (kg)

318

25.0 ± 7.8

24.5 ± 7.7

24.9 ± 9.2

26.9 ± 8.5

0.275

10-m gait speed (seconds)

319

10. 7 ± 3.2

12.5 ± 7.7

13.0 ± 7.4

11.4 ± 4.3

0.103

Upper body flexibility (cm)

298

−13.9 ± 12.3

− 12.9 ± 16.7

−13.2 ± 12.0

− 12.4 ± 12.5

0.699

Lower body flexibility (cm)

304

−4.6 ± 8.9

− 2.9 ± 8.5

−5.2 ± 8.1

−3.3 ± 7.6

0.015

Lower extremity strength (number)

264

1.6 ± 3.0

3.9 ± 5.2

2.0 ± 3.3

3.8 ± 4.3

<  0.001

Frailty score

319

1.5 ± 0.6

1.6 ± 0.8

1.7 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.7

0.687

Frailty status

319

    

0.287

 Pre-frail

 

74 (92.5)

68 (86.1)

72 (86.7)

72 (93.5)

 

 Frail

 

6 (7.5)

11 (13.9)

11 (13.3)

5 (6.5)

 

Frailty five indicators

 Weight loss ≥3 kg

318

27 (33.8)

23 (29.1)

24 (28.9)

21 (27.6)

0.846

 Exhaustion

319

56 (70.0)

55 (69.6)

63 (75.9)

57 (74.0)

0.766

 Poor muscle strength

318

26 (32.5)

28 (35.4)

23 (28.1)

21 (27.3)

0.649

 Slowness

319

8 (10.0)

13 (16.5)

17 (20.5)

11 (14.3)

0.310

 Low physical activity

316

4 (5.0)

9 (11.5)

11 (13.4)

7 (9.2)

0.309

Comorbidity

 Hypertension

318

52 (65.0)

51 (64.6)

58 (69.9)

56 (73.7)

0.567

 Diabetes mellitus

318

28 (35.0)

39 (49.4)

24 (28.9)

20 (26.3)

0.012

 Myocardial infraction

318

0 (0.0)

1 (1.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.3)

0.367

 Stroke

318

7 (8.8)

13 (16.5)

6 (7.2)

6 (7.9)

0.183

 Cancer

318

2 (2.5)

4 (5.1)

2 (2.4)

1 (1.3)

0.581

  1. The data are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%)
  2. ADL activities of daily living; GDS Geriatric Depression Scale; SF-12 MCS 12-Item Short Form Health Survey mental component summary; MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination; BMI body mass index
  3. aParticipants with available information