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Table 5 Impact of the Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance over time on customer food/beverage purchasing, 2014–2017 (n = 3,039)

From: Evaluation of the first U.S. staple foods ordinance: impact on nutritional quality of food store offerings, customer purchases and home food environments

Outcome

City

Assessment Period

Overall effects

  

Time 1

Time 2

Time 3

Time 4

  
  

Pre-policy change, 2014

Implementation only, no enforcement, 2015

Early initiation of enforcement, 2016

Continued monitoring, 2017

Main effects

Interaction

      

Time

City

Time x City

  

Means (SE)

 

P (df = 3)

P (df = 1)

P (df = 3)

Number of items purchased

Minneapolis

2.2 (0.1)

2.5 (0.1)

2.2 (0.1)

2.4 (0.1)

0.26

0.008

0.24

 

St. Paul

3.0 (0.2)

2.9 (0.2)

2.6 (0.2)

2.8 (0.4)

   
 

p-net

–

0.10

0.08

0.30

   

Total amount spent (US$)a

Minneapolis

3.9 (0.3)

4.8 (0.8)

3.5 (0.4)

4.1 (0.4)

0.24

0.04

0.87

 

St. Paul

5.7 (1.2)

5.7 (1.0)

5.1 (0.9)

5.6 (0.8)

   
 

p-net

–

0.57

0.61

0.40

   

Calories purchaseda

Minneapolis

962 (93)

1179 (184)

838 (112)

928 (114)

0.01

0.02

0.76

 

St. Paul

1421 (221)

1926 (568)

1306 (257)

1630 (455)

   
 

p-net

–

0.33

0.49

0.40

   

Energy densityb

Minneapolis

3.8 (0.1)

3.6 (0.1)

3.6 (0.2)

3.6 (0.1)

0.61

0.99

0.82

 

St. Paul

3.6 (0.2)

3.7 (0.1)

3.6 (0.1)

3.5 (0.2)

   
 

p-net

–

0.36

0.50

0.66

   

HEI-2010 score

(1–100)

Minneapolis

30.7 (0.8)

31.4 (0.7)

30.2 (0.7)

31.3 (0.9)

0.84

0.44

0.69

 

St. Paul

29.9 (0.8)

30.5 (1.0)

30.7 (1.1)

30.0 (0.9)

   
 

p-net

–

0.93

0.41

0.75

   

Fruitc

Minneapolis

1.1 (0.7)

5.0 (1.6)

4.8 (1.9)

4.4 (1.3)

0.08

0.95

0.42

 

St. Paul)

2.5 (1.0)

2.9 (1.3)

4.6 (1.8)

3.5 (1.4)

   
 

p-net

–

0.10

0.35

0.19

   

Vegetablesc

Minneapolis

5.1 (1.1)

4.1 (1.3)

1.9 (0.8)

4.4 (1.0)

0.009

0.28

0.59

 

St. Paul

6.6 (1.8)

4.4 (1.7)

4.3 (1.7)

7.2 (2.3)

   
 

p-net

–

0.72

0.29

0.57

   

Whole grainsc

Minneapolis

7.9 (1.5)

7.4 (1.5)

6.6 (1.4)

7.6 (1.3)

0.94

0.83

0.95

 

St. Paul

7.4 (1.4)

8.3 (1.8)

7.4 (1.3)

7.4 (1.5)

   
 

p-net

–

0.66

0.63

0.89

   

Skim or reduced fat milkc

Minneapolis

4.2 (1.3)

2.3 (0.7)

1.8 (0.8)

1.3 (0.6)

0.62

0.07

0.07

 

St. Paul

2.4 (0.9)

4.7 (1.0)

3.1 (1.0)

4.7 (1.1)

   
 

p-net

–

0.02

0.10

0.01

   

Added sugars

(% of calories)

Minneapolis

36.5 (2.5)

37.0 (2.0)

42.8 (2.0)

43.7 (2.3)

0.01

0.89

0.76

 

St. Paul

36.3 (2.3)

39.2 (3.1)

41.7 (2.6)

41.5 (3.0)

   
 

p-net

–

0.58

0.84

0.67

   

Saturated fatty acids

(% of calories)

Minneapolis

8.1 (0.5)

7.8 (0.6)

6.4 (0.5)

6.4 (0.4)

0.0006

0.36

0.39

 

St. Paul

8.6 (0.5)

8.1 (0.6)

6.1 (0.5)

7.6 (0.6)

   
 

p-net

–

0.75

0.39

0.53

   

Sodiuma

(per 1000 cal)

Minneapolis

1389 (146)

2321 (762)

995 (89)

1378 (243)

0.08

0.79

0.96

 

St. Paul

1488 (203)

1099 (97)

1895 (666)

1404 (372)

   
 

p-net

–

0.80

0.75

0.93

   
  1. Note: Models are adjusted for repeated measures over time and for age (the only covariate that was significant in bivariate comparisons between Minneapolis and St. Paul at baseline). Models are linear regression models except specific product categories (fruit, vegetables, whole grains, milk) are logistic regression models; p-net values refer to changes in time*city effect from Time 1 to Time 2, from Time 1 to Time 3, and from Time 1 to Time 4 respectively
  2. aOutcome variable was log-transformed due to skewed distribution (Mean and standard error from non-transformed model; p-values from log-transformed model)
  3. bBeverages removed; only food items from purchases were used to calculate energy density
  4. cPercent of purchases with at least one serving
  5. Note: Number of missing values (if any) for each outcome variable at each time point: Time 1: total amount spent = 6; Time 2: total amount spent = 4, energy density = 1; Time 3: total amount spent = 4, energy density = 1; Time 4: total amount spent = 6
  6. Note: HEI score, and the nutrient variables not calculated for purchases where calories = 0
  7. Bolded values denote p < 0.05
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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