Association between breakfast composition and abdominal obesity in the Swiss adult population eating breakfast regularly

Chatelan, Angeline; Castetbon, Katia; Pasquier, Jerome; Allemann, Chloe; Zuber, Alexandre; Camenzind-Frey, Esther; Zuberbuehler, Christine Anne; Bochud, Murielle

doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0752-7

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 1 Description of survey participants, by breakfasting regularity, and by breakfast type (by tertile in regular breakfast eaters)

From: Association between breakfast composition and abdominal obesity in the Swiss adult population eating breakfast regularly

Characteristics	All survey participants		Occasional breakfast eaters		Regular breakfast eaters^e		‘Traditional’ – Pattern 1			‘Prudent’ – Pattern 2			‘Western’ – Pattern 3
Characteristics	All survey participants		Occasional breakfast eaters		Regular breakfast eaters^e		T1^f	T2	T3	T1	T2	T3	T1	T2	T3
N of participants	2019 (100%)		668 (33%)		1351 (67%)		451	450	450	451	450	450	451	450	450
Sex, n (%)
Male	926	46	353	53	573	42	37	38	53	43	44	40	37	43	47
Female	1093	54	315	47	778	58	63	62	47	57	56	60	63	57	53
Age, n (%)
18–34 years old	541	27	238	36	303	22	28	23	17	32	18	18	20	17	30
35–49 years old	588	29	205	31	383	28	30	29	26	31	27	27	26	29	29
50–64 years old	554	27	167	25	387	29	29	28	29	23	32	31	31	30	25
65–75 years old	336	17	58	9	278	21	13	20	29	14	24	24	22	23	16
Education: Highest degree, n (%)
Secondary (e.g. apprenticeship and below)	1042	52	363	54	679	50	48	49	54	52	53	45	49	54	48
Tertiary (e.g. high technical school, university)	977	48	305	46	672	50	52	51	46	48	47	55	51	46	52
Total energy intake, mean (±SD)^a
Mean of two 24-h dietary recalls (in kcal)	2175	710	2092	740	2217	690	2110	2074	2467	2182	2243	2225	2106	2171	2373
Breakfast energy intake, mean (±SD)
Mean of two 24-h dietary recalls (in kcal)	381	261	181	192	479	232	386	412	639	420	499	519	451	440	546
Self-reported physical activity, mean (±SD)
MET-min per week (from IPAQ)	3761	3287	3816	3404	3730	3220	3580	3547	3974	3473	3960	3665	3751	3680	3654
Abdominal obesity assessment, n (%)
Waist-to-hip ratio: ≥ 0.9 (♂); ≥ 0.85 (♀)^b,c	546	27	191	29	355	26	21	27	31	24	32	24	25	29	25
Waist circumference: > 90 cm (♂); > 84 cm (♀)^b	701	35	237	35	464	34	30	35	38	30	42	31	36	37	30
Waist-to-height ratio: ≥ 0.5 (♂, ♀)^d	799	40	285	43	514	38	32	39	43	35	46	34	38	42	34
Body mass index: ≥ 30 kg/m² (♂, ♀)^b	255	13	114	17	141	10	9	11	11	12	12	7	10	10	11

^a Mean daily energy intake was 2511 and 1891 kcal among all male and female survey participants, and 2574 and 1953 kcal among male and female regular breakfast eaters, respectively
^bCut-offs from the World Health Organization [33]
^c The proportions of men and women above the cut-off for waist-to-hip ratio was 44 and 13% among all survey participants, and 45 and 12% among regular breakfast eaters, respectively
^dCut-off suggested by Schneider [34], Browning [35] and Ashwell [36] et al.
^e Regular breakfast eaters were defined as survey participants who took a breakfast of at least 100 kcal in both of their 24-h dietary recalls and reported eating breakfast at least 5 days in a usual week
Breakfast energy intake was 554 and 424 kcal among male and female regular breakfast eaters, respectively
^f In this second part of the table, only proportions, respectively, means for continuous variables, are presented in the 1351 regular breakfast eaters

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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