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Table 2 Results of the three-level Tobit regression model for cycling duration

From: The role of the natural and built environment in cycling duration in the Netherlands

 

Model 1 (S.E.)

Model 2 (S.E.)

Model 3 (S.E.)

Intercept

−1.80*** (0.02)

−1.18*** (0.03)

−1.13*** (0.04)

Individual and household level

 Age (yrs.)

  20–29 (ref. = 40–49)

 

− 0.13*** (0.03)

− 0.14*** (0.03)

  30–39

 

− 0.18*** (0.03)

− 0.19*** (0.03)

  50–59

 

0.20*** (0.03)

0.20*** (0.03)

  60–69

 

0.35*** (0.03)

0.36*** (0.03)

  70–79

 

0.13*** (0.04)

0.13*** (0.04)

  80–89

 

−0.77*** (0.06)

− 0.76*** (0.06)

 Gender

  Man (ref. = Female)

 

−0.28*** (0.02)

− 0.28*** (0.02)

 Education

  Lower (ref. = medium)

 

−0.08*** (0.02)

− 0.08*** (0.02)

  Higher

 

0.19*** (0.02)

0.18*** (0.02)

 Net household income

   < €20,000 (ref.= > €40,000)

 

−0.14*** (0.03)

− 0.14*** (0.03)

  €20,000–40,000

 

−0.10*** (0.02)

−0.10*** (0.02)

 Ethnicity

  Other (ref. = Dutch)

 

−0.83*** (0.04)

− 0.85*** (0.04)

 Household structure

  Single-person household (ref. = Couple with children)

 

−0.56*** (0.03)

− 0.57*** (0.03)

  Couple without children

 

−0.22*** (0.02)

−0.23*** (0.02)

  Single parent with children

 

−0.43*** (0.04)

−0.43*** (0.04)

 Car ownership

  No car (ref. = 1 car)

 

0.95*** (0.03)

0.93*** (0.03)

  2 or more cars

 

−0.96*** (0.02)

−0.95*** (0.02)

 Daily weather conditions

  Daily average wind speed (m/s)

 

−0.08*** (0.01)

−0.08*** (0.01)

  Daily max. Air temperature (°C)

 

0.27*** (0.01)

0.27*** (0.01)

  Daily precipitation sum (mm)

 

−0.07*** (0.01)

−0.08*** (0.01)

 4-digit postal code zone level

  Address density (1000 addresses per km2)

  

0.09*** (0.21)

  Land use diversity

  

−0.01 (0.01)

  Street density (km/km2)

  

−0.02 (0.02)

  Number of bus stops

  

0.02* (0.01)

  Distance to train station (km)

  

−0.06** (0.02)

  Percentage of green (%)

  

−0.04 (0.02)

  Percentage of water (%)

  

−0.02 (0.01)

Level 1: individual and household

 Variance intercept \( {\sigma}_1^2 \)

5.29 (0.05)

4.98 (0.04)

4.98 (0.04)

Level 2: 4-digit postal code

 Variance intercept \( {\sigma}_2^2 \)

0.11 (0.01)

0.07 (0.01)

0.06 (0.01)

 Level 2: ICC

4.4%

3.5%

3.4%

Level 3: Municipality

 Variance intercept \( {\sigma}_3^2 \)

0.14 (0.02)

0.11 (0.01)

0.11 (0.01)

 Level 3: ICC

2.5%

2.2%

2.2%

  1. Sig. Codes: *p ≤ 0.050; **p ≤ 0.010; ***p ≤ 0.001