Physical activity and sedentary behavior in preschoolers: a longitudinal assessment of trajectories and determinants

Schmutz, Einat A.; Haile, Sarah R.; Leeger-Aschmann, Claudia S.; Kakebeeke, Tanja H.; Zysset, Annina E.; Messerli-Bürgy, Nadine; Stülb, Kerstin; Arhab, Amar; Meyer, Andrea H.; Munsch, Simone; Puder, Jardena J.; Jenni, Oskar G.; Kriemler, Susi

doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0670-8

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 5 Change models: associations of potential determinants with changes in total physical activity (TPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB)^a

From: Physical activity and sedentary behavior in preschoolers: a longitudinal assessment of trajectories and determinants

	TPA [cpm]			MVPA [min/day]			SB [min/day]
	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value
Demographic and biological variables
Sex	22.2	(−13.2, 57.7)	0.218	4.4	(−2.3, 11.1)	0.195	−8.0	(−21.2, 5.2)	0.238
Age	−28.4	(−66.2, 9.3)	0.139	−5.6	(−12.3, 1.2)	0.108	−3.9	(−17.5 9.7)	0.571
Birth weight	0.4	(−3.1, 3.9)	0.817	0.0	(−0.6, 0.6)	0.996	−0.3	(−1.4, 0.9)	0.660
Chronic health condition	2.9	(−67.4,73.2)	0.936	2.2	(−10.2, 14.7)	0.726	−4.6	(−30.7, 21.4)	0.726
BMI	−26.5	(−68.9, 15.9)	0.220	−3.9	(−11.4, 3.5)	0.303	4.1	(−12.2, 20.3)	0.622
Gross motor skills	−16.8	(−37.6, 3.9)	0.111	−3.0	(−6.6, 0.6)	0.111	5.3	(−1.7, 12.3)	0.142
Siblings	50.5	(12.4, 88.6)	0.010	10.1	(3.1, 17.0)	0.004	−8.2	(−23.3, 6.9)	0.287
Parental BMI	−11.0	(−48.6, 26.6)	0.566	−3.0	(−9.7, 3.7)	0.389	6.2	(−8.2, 20.6)	0.395
SES	0.0	(−1.3, 1.4)	0.969	0.0	(−0.2, 0.2)	0.792	0.0	(−0.5, 0.4)	0.858
Family structure	−7.3	(−79.9, 65.3)	0.842	−1.1	(− 13.6, 11.4)	0.864	17.8	(−6.9, 42.6)	0.158
Psychological, cognitive and emotional variables
Self-regulation	0.4	(−1.8, 2.6)	0.735	0.1	(−0.3, 0.4)	0.683	0.1	(−0.7, 0.87)	0.833
Psychological difficulties	−4.4	(−9.7, 0.9)	0.105	−0.9	(−1.8, 0.1)	0.076	0.5	(−1.4, 2.5)	0.587
Emotionality temperament	11.1	(−21.2, 43.4)	0.497	2.1	(−3.7, 7.9)	0.480	−3.3	(−15.1, 8.6)	0.588
Activity temperament	−8.0	(−39.1, 23.1)	0.612	−0.1	(−5.8, 5.6)	0.976	6.8	(−4.1, 17.8)	0.221
Shyness temperament	0.5	(−28.2, 29.2)	0.974	0.4	(−4.7, 5.4)	0.880	2.2	(−7.9, 12.2)	0.672
Parenting stress	−0.5	(−3.2, 2.2)	0.719	−0.1	(−0.5, 0.4)	0.742	0.1	(−0.9, 1.1)	0.828
Cognitive performance	−4.7	(−24.1, 14.7)	0.637	−2.2	(−5.6, 1.2)	0.203	−0.7	(−7.6, 6.2)	0.842
Behavioral variables
Sleep duration	−3.0	(−34.7, 28.7)	0.853	0.1	(−5.5, 5.6)	0.984	4.7	(−5.6, 14.9)	0.375
Play frequency	53.5	(−10.9, 117.8)	0.103	7.2	(−4.2, 18.6)	0.216	−11.9	(−36.4, 12.5)	0.337
Social and cultural variables
Parental sedentary behavior	−0.9	(−6.9, 5.1)	0.761	− 0.2	(−1.3, 0.8)	0.670	0.5	(−1.7, 2.7)	0.683
Parental sports club membership	3.9	(−41.3, 49.1)	0.866	2.6	(−5.5, 10.7)	0.531	7.3	(−9.0, 23.6)	0.376
Parental physical activity	−6.8	(−47.3, 33.8)	0.743	−0.5	(−7.7, 6.7)	0.898	3.5	(−11.1, 18.2)	0.637
Parental Involvement in child PA	−9.8	(−51.3, 31.7)	0.643	−2.9	(−9.9, 4.2)	0.428	0.3	(−15.3, 15.9)	0.968
Transport to childcare	−0.5	(−39.5, 38.6)	0.981	−0.7	(−7.6, 6.1)	0.836	3.7	(−10.4, 17.8)	0.610
Parental tobacco use	−4.0	(−48.2, 40.2)	0.859	−0.5	(−8.5, 7.5)	0.902	1.7	(−15.8, 19.1)	0.853
Parental alcohol consumption	−12.9	(−98.2, 72.3)	0.764	−3.6	(−18.4, 11.1)	0.627	8.4	(−22.9, 39.6)	0.598
Environmental variables
Time outdoors	−8.1	(−21.5, 5.2)	0.233	−0.5	(−2.93, 1.9)	0.705	2.4	(−2.5, 7.3)	0.335
Fixed toys	−5.8	(−19.2, 7.5)	0.392	−0.6	(−3.0, 1.7)	0.613	0.6	(−4.4, 5.5)	0.827
Portable toys	3.5	(−11.8, 18.9)	0.651	0.5	(−2.2, 3.3)	0.695	−1.6	(−7.2, 4.0)	0.574
Days at childcare	0.7	(−17.8, 19.1)	0.944	0.2	(−3.1, 3.4)	0.919	−0.4	(−7.0, 6.2)	0.907
Living area per person	0.8	(−1.5, 3.1)	0.519	0.1	(−0.3, 0.4)	0.791	−0.4	(−1.3, 0.4)	0.331
Neighborhood safety	1.2	(−1.6, 4.1)	0.402	0.1	(−0.4, 0.6)	0.691	−0.1	(−1.1, 1.0)	0.921
Dog	15.6	(−55.2, 86.4)	0.664	3.6	(−9.4, 16.6)	0.584	−6.4	(−32.9, 20.2)	0.637
Season	−31.1	(−76.4, 14.3)	0.178	−4.0	(−12.4, 4.5)	0.356	3.7	(−12.6, 20.0)	0.657
Region	1.1	(−43.7, 46.0)	0.961	0.3	(−7.9, 8.6)	0.938	−5.8	(−21.3, 9.7)	0.461

PA physical activity, β β-coefficient, CI confidence interval
^aMultivariable linear mixed models including a random intercept for each childcare center (n = 394)

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