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Table 4 Dietary intake according to area-level disadvantage in Australian adults in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey and the 2011–13 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Surveya

From: Are dietary inequalities among Australian adults changing? a nationally representative analysis of dietary change according to socioeconomic position between 1995 and 2011–13

 

OVERALL, mean [95% CI]

Quintile 1

Most disadvantaged

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Least disadvantaged

 

1995

n = 1778

2011–13

n = 1582

1995

n = 1787

2011–13

n = 1719

1995

n = 1810

2011–13

n = 1633

1995

n = 1953

2011–13

n = 1453

1995

n = 1949

2011–13

n = 1820

p interaction

SEP*Time

Energy (kJ)

9073 [8859, 9287]

8628 [8393, 8864]

9383 [9164, 9602]

8607 [8384, 8829]

9482 [9260, 9704]

8892 [8683, 9100]

9405 [9201, 9610]

8813 [8571, 9054]

9562 [9356, 9768]

8945 [8738, 9151]

0.69

Carbohydrate (%E)

45.6 [45.0, 46.1]

44.5 [43.8, 45.2]*

45.4 [44.8, 46.0]

44.1 [43.4, 44.8]**

44.8 [44.3, 45.4]

43.7 [43.0, 44.5]*

45.3 [44.8, 45.8]

42.7 [42.0, 43.4]***

45.1 [44.5, 45.6]

41.8 [41.2, 42.5]***

0.001

Total sugars (%E)

20.3 [19.7, 20.9]

19.6 [18.9, 20.2]

19.9 [19.4, 20.4]

19.3 [18.7, 19.9]

19.6 [19.1, 20.1]

19.7 [19.1, 20.2]

19.6 [19.1, 20.1]

19.3 [18.7, 19.9]

19.4 [18.9, 19.9]

18.1 [17.6, 18.6]

0.17

Protein (%E)

16.9 [16.6, 17.2]

18.0 [17.6, 18.4]

16.7 [16.4, 16.9]

18.3 [17.8, 18.7]

16.8 [16.5, 17.0]

18.3 [17.9, 18.7]

16.8 [16.6, 17.1]

18.6 [18.2, 19.0]

16.8 [16.5, 17.0]

18.4 [18.1, 18.8]

0.39

Fat (%E)

31.9 [31.4, 32.4]

30.8 [30.2, 31.4]**

31.9 [31.4, 32.5]

30.5 [29.9, 31.1]***

32.1 [31.6, 32.6]

30.7 [30.2, 31.3]***

31.3 [30.9, 31.8]

31.4 [30.7, 32.0]

31.4 [31.0, 31.9]

31.0 [30.4, 31.5]

0.026

SFA (%E)

12.4 [12.2, 12.7]

11.7 [11.3, 12.0]

12.5 [12.2, 12.8]

11.4 [11.2, 11.7]

12.5 [12.3, 12.8]

11.6 [11.4, 11.9]

12.3 [12.0, 12.5]

11.6 [11.3, 11.9]

12.3 [12.1, 12.6]

11.3 [11.1, 11.6]

0.72

MUFA (%E)

11.6 [11.4, 11.8]

11.8 [11.5, 12.1]

11.7 [11.4, 11.9]

11.6 [11.3, 11.9]

11.7 [11.5, 11.9]

11.7 [11.5, 12.0]

11.3 [11.1, 11.5]

12.0 [11.7, 12.3]***

11.4 [11.2, 11.6]

11.9 [11.6, 12.2]**

0.010

PUFA (%E)

5.0 [4.8, 5.1]

4.6 [4.5, 4.8]**

4.8 [4.7, 5.0]

4.7 [4.6, 4.9]

4.9 [4.8, 5.1]

4.7 [4.5, 4.8]*

4.8 [4.7, 4.9]

5.0 [4.8, 5.2]

4.8 [4.7, 4.9]

5.0 [4.8, 5.1]

0.002

Fiber density (g/1000 kJ)

2.1 [2.1, 2.2]

2.7 [2.6, 2.8]

2.1 [2.0, 2.1]

2.8 [2.7, 2.9]

2.1 [2.1, 2.2]

2.7 [2.6, 2.8]

2.2 [2.1, 2.2]

2.8 [2.7, 2.9]

2.1 [2.1, 2.2]

2.8 [2.7, 2.9]

0.54

 

Probability [95% CI]

n = 1325

n = 1582

n = 1355

n = 1721

n = 1378

n = 1633

n = 1510

n = 1453

n = 1510

n = 1820

p interaction

SEP*Time

Fruit (≥ 2 serves/d)

0.48 [0.44, 0.51]

0.46 [0.43, 0.50]

0.54 [0.50, 0.57]

0.47 [0.44, 0.50]

0.51 [0.47, 0.54]

0.48 [0.45, 0.51]

0.52 [0.49, 0.55]

0.49 [0.46, 0.52]

0.51 [0.48, 0.55]

0.47 [0.44, 0.50]

0.60

Vegetables (≥ 4 serves/d)

0.18 [0.15, 0.20]

0.19 [0.17, 0.22]

0.18 [0.16, 0.21]

0.19 [0.17, 0.22]

0.21 [0.18, 0.25]

0.20 [0.18, 0.23]

0.20 [0.17, 0.23]

0.19 [0.16, 0.21]

0.18 [0.15, 0.20]

0.16 [0.14, 0.18]

0.59

 

MEN, mean [95% CI]

Quintile 1

Most disadvantaged

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Least disadvantaged

 

1995

n = 829

2011–13

n = 717

1995

n = 863

2011–13

n = 819

1995

n = 881

2011–13

n = 779

1995

n = 943

2011–13

n = 719

1995

n = 982

2011–13

n = 863

p interaction

SEP*Time

Energy (kJ)

10,751 [10,416, 11,086]

10,067 [9680, 10,454]

11,142 [10,790, 11,493]

9803 [9452, 10,155]

11,380 [11,042, 11,718]

10,148 [9825, 10,470]

11,152 [10,843, 11,461]

10,322 [9963, 10,682]

11,275 [10,961, 11,589]

10,101 [9782, 10,420]

0.28

Carbohydrate (%E)

44.6 [43.8, 45.4]

43.9 [42.9, 44.9]

44.5 [43.8, 45.3]

44.1 [43.1, 45.0]

43.7 [42.9, 44.4]

43.6 [42.6, 44.5]

44.7 [44.0, 45.5]

42.5 [41.5, 43.5]***

44.4 [43.7, 45.2]

42.2 [41.3, 43.1]***

0.034

Total sugars (%E)

19.7 [19.0, 20.5]

18.3 [17.4, 19.2]

19.1 [18.4, 19.8]

19.1 [18.2, 20.1]

18.9 [18.2, 19.7]

18.8 [18.0, 19.6]

19.1 [18.4, 19.8]

18.5 [17.7, 19.4]

18.7 [18.0, 19.5]

18.1 [17.4, 18.8]

0.44

Protein (%E)

16.8 [16.3, 17.3]

17.8 [17.2, 18.4]

16.8 [16.4, 17.1]

18.1 [17.4, 18.8]

16.8 [16.4, 17.2]

18.4 [17.8, 18.9]

16.6 [16.2, 16.9]

18.5 [17.9, 19.0]

16.7 [16.3, 17.0]

18.0 [17.5, 18.5]

0.47

Fat (%E)

32.2 [31.6, 32.8]

30.6 [29.7, 31.4]

31.9 [31.3, 32.5]

30.0 [29.2, 30.9]

32.1 [31.4, 32.7

30.6 [29.9, 31.3]

31.5 [30.9, 32.1]

31.2 [30.4, 32.0]

31.3 [30.7, 31.9]

30.3 [29.6, 31.1]

0.22

SFA (%E)

12.6 [12.3, 13.0]

11.6 [11.1, 12.0]

12.4 [12.1, 12.8]

11.3 [10.9, 11.7]

12.5 [12.2, 12.9]

11.6 [11.2, 12.0]

12.5 [12.2, 12.9]

11.7 [11.3, 12.2]

12.3 [12.0, 12.6]

11.4 [11.0, 11.8]

0.94

MUFA (%E)

11.8 [11.5, 12.1]

11.9 [11.4, 12.3]

11.8 [11.5, 12.1]

11.5 [11.1, 11.9]

11.8 [11.5, 12.1]

11.7 [11.3, 12.0]

11.4 [11.2, 11.7]

12.0 [11.6, 12.4]

11.5 [11.2, 11.7]

11.6 [11.3, 12.0]

0.13

PUFA (%E)

4.8 [4.6, 5.0]

4.5 [4.3. 4.7]

4.8 [4.6, 5.0]

4.6 [4.4, 4.8]

4.9 [4.7, 5.1]

4.7 [4.5, 4.9]

4.7 [4.5, 4.9]

4.8 [4.6, 5.1]

4.7 [4.5, 4.8]

4.7 [4.4, 4.9]

0.26

Fiber density (g/1000 kJ)

2.0 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.4, 2.7]

1.9 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.5, 2.7]

2.0 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.5, 2.7]

2.0 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.5, 2.7]

2.0 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.5, 2.7]

0.99

 

Probability [95% CI]

n = 611

n = 717

n = 635

n = 820

n = 656

n = 779

n = 706

n = 719

n = 738

n = 863

p interaction

SEP*Time

Fruit (≥ 2 serves/d)

0.42 [0.38, 0.47]

0.40 [0.35, 0.45]

0.51 [0.46, 0.55]

0.40 [0.36, 0.44]

0.48 [0.43, 0.52]

0.42 [0.37, 0.46]

0.48 [0.44, 0.53]

0.46 [0.41, 0.50]

0.46 [0.42, 0.51]

0.40 [0.35, 0.44]

0.39

Vegetables (≥ 4 serves/d)

0.13 [0.10, 0.16]

0.17 [0.14, 0.21]

0.17 [0.14, 0.21]

0.18 [0.14, 0.22]

0.18 [0.15, 0.22]

0.16 [0.13, 0.20]

0.17 [0.14, 0.21]

0.17 [0.13, 0.20]

0.14 [0.11, 0.17]

0.12 [0.09, 0.15]

0.27

 

WOMEN, mean [95% CI]

Quintile 1

Most disadvantaged

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Least disadvantaged

 

1995

n = 949

2011–13

n = 865

1995

n = 924

2011–13

n = 900

1995

n = 929

2011–13

n = 854

1995

n = 1010

2011–13

n = 734

1995

n = 967

2011–13

n = 957

p interaction

SEP*Time

Energy (kJ)

7307 [7074, 7540]

7130 [6874, 7385]

7533 [7319, 7748]

7338 [7092, 7585]

7461 [7220, 7703]

7592 [7341, 7843]

7551 [7340, 7762]

7230 [6929, 7531]

7740 [7538, 7943]

7741 [7482, 8001]

0.41

Carbohydrate (%E)

46.5 [45.7, 47.3]

45.2 [44.2, 46.2]*

46.3 [45.5, 47.1]

44.2 [43.2, 45.1]**

46.1 [45.4, 46.7]

44.0 [42.9, 45.0]**

45.9 [45.3, 46.6]

42.9 [41.8, 44.0]***

45.8 [45.1, 46.5]***

41.5 [40.5, 42.5]

0.008

Total sugars (%E)

20.8 [20.1, 21.6]

20.9 [20.0, 21.8]

20.7 [20.0, 21.5]

19.4 [18.7, 20.1]**

20.3 [19.7, 21.0]

20.6 [19.7, 21.4]

20.1 [19.5, 20.8]

20.2 [19.3, 21.0]

20.0 [19.4, 20.7]

18.3 [17.5, 19.0]***

0.016

Protein (%E)

17.0 [16.6, 17.4]

18.3 [17.7, 18.8]

16.6 [16.2, 16.9]

18.4 [17.9, 18.9]

16.7 [16.3, 17.1]

18.2 [17.7, 18.8]

17.0 [16.7, 17.4]

18.8 [18.3, 19.3]

16.9 [16.5, 17.2]

18.9 [18.3, 19.4]

0.62

Fat (%E)

31.7 [31.0, 32.4]

31.0 [30.1, 31.9]

32.0 [31.3, 32.8]

31.0 [30.2, 31.8]

32.1 [31.5, 32.8]

30.9 [30.1, 31.7]

31.1 [30.5, 31.8]

31.5 [30.6, 32.5]

31.6 [31.0, 32.2]

31.6 [30.8, 32.4]

0.14

SFA (%E)

12.2 [11.8, 12.5]

11.8 [11.3, 12.3]

12.5 [12.1, 12.9]

11.6 [11.2, 12.0]

12.5 [12.2, 12.9]

11.7 [11.2, 12.1]

12.0 [11.7, 12.3]

11.4 [11.0, 11.9]

12.3 [12.0, 12.7]

11.3 [10.9, 11.7]

0.51

MUFA (%E)

11.4 [11.1, 11.7]

11.7 [11.3, 12.1]

11.6 [11.2, 11.9]

11.7 [11.4, 12.1]

11.6 [11.3, 11.9]

11.8 [11.4, 12.1]

11.2 [10.9, 11.5]

12.1 [11.6, 12.5]

11.3 [11.0, 11.5]

12.2 [11.8, 12.6]

0.07

PUFA (%E)

5.1 [4.9, 5.3]

4.8 [4.5, 5.0]

4.9 [4.7, 5.1]

4.9 [4.7, 5.1]

4.9 [4.7, 5.2]

4.7 [4.5, 4.9]

4.9 [4.7, 5.1]

5.3 [4.9, 5.6]*

4.9 [4.7, 5.1]

5.3 [5.0, 5.5]*

0.004

Fiber density (g/1000 kJ)

2.3 [2.2, 2.3]

2.9 [2.8, 3.0]

2.2 [2.1, 2.3]

3.0 [2.8, 3.2]

2.3 [2.2, 2.4]

2.9 [2.7, 3.0]

2.4 [2.3, 2.4]

3.0 [2.9, 3.2]

2.3 [2.2, 2.3]

2.9 [2.8, 3.1]

0.31

 

Probability [95% CI]

n = 714

n = 865

n = 720

n = 901

n = 722

n = 854

n = 804

n = 734

n = 772

n = 957

p interaction

SEP*Time

Fruit (≥ 2 serves/d)

0.53 [0.49, 0.57]

0.53 [0.48, 0.57]

0.57 [0.52, 0.61]

0.55 [0.51, 0.59]

0.54 [0.49, 0.58]

0.54 [0.49, 0.58]

0.56 [0.52, 0.60]

0.52 [0.48, 0.57]

0.57 [0.53, 0.61]

0.54 [0.50, 0.58]

0.90

Vegetables (≥ 4 serves/d)

0.23 [0.19, 0.26]

0.22 [0.18, 0.26]

0.20 [0.16, 0.23]

0.20 [0.17, 0.24]

0.24 [0.20, 0.29]

0.24 [0.20, 0.28]

0.23 [0.19, 0.26]

0.21 [0.17, 0.25]

0.21 [0.18, 0.25]

0.19 [0.16, 0.23]

0.95

  1. aAbbreviations: %E % of energy, SEP socioeconomic position
  2. Asterisks indicate significantly different compared to 1995 value *p < 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  3. Macronutrients are reported as % of total energy (%E)
  4. Values represent survey-weighted, covariate adjusted means (or probabilities where indicated) and 95% CI
  5. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex/gender (except in stratified analyses), and smoking. Where results of the overall F test were statistically significant, pairwise comparisons were performed to examine change in intakes over time according to educational level
  6. The Socio-Economic Index for Areas Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage was used to define area-level disadvantage. The index is divided into quintiles ordered from most (quintile 1) to least disadvantaged (quintile 5). Higher scores are indicative of an area with lower levels of disadvantage, such as where fewer individuals have low incomes, low educational attainment, or work in unskilled occupations
  7. Bold data indicates statistically significant differences (p  < 0.05)