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Table 3 Dietary intake according to equivalized household income in Australian adults in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey and the 2011–13 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Surveya

From: Are dietary inequalities among Australian adults changing? a nationally representative analysis of dietary change according to socioeconomic position between 1995 and 2011–13

 

OVERALL, mean [95% CI]

Low income

Medium income

High income

 

1995

n = 2607

2011–13

n = 2534

1995

n = 3524

2011–13

n = 3110

1995

n = 3146

2011–13

n = 2563

p interaction

SEP*Time

Energy (kJ)

9025 [8846, 9204]

8564 [8377, 8751]

9395 [9241, 9550]

8756 [8598, 8915]

9695 [9531, 9860]

8995 [8813, 9178]

0.36

Carbohydrate (%E)

46.1 [45.6, 46.6]

45.2 [44.6, 45.8]*

45.5 [45.1, 45.9]

43.8 [43.3, 44.2]***

44.2 [43.8, 44.6]

41.3 [40.7, 41.9]***

0.001

Total sugars (%E)

19.9 [19.4, 20.4]

19.9 [19.3, 20.4]

19.9 [19.6, 20.3]

19.3 [18.9, 19.7]

19.4 [19.0, 19.7]

18.5 [18.0, 18.9]

0.16

Protein (%E)

16.6 [16.4, 16.9]

17.9 [17.6, 18.2]

16.7 [16.5, 16.9]

18.3 [18.0, 18.5]

17.0 [16.7, 17.2]

18.8 [18.4, 19.1]

0.19

Fat (%E)

31.5 [31.1, 31.9]

30.8 [30.3, 31.3]

31.9 [31.6, 32.3]

30.7 [30.3, 31.2]

31.7 [31.3, 32.0]

31.1 [30.6, 31.6]

0.30

SFA (%E)

12.2 [11.9, 12.4]

11.8 [11.6, 12.1]

12.6 [12.4, 12.8]

11.5 [11.3, 11.7]***

12.4 [12.2, 12.6]

11.3 [11.1, 11.6]***

0.001

MUFA (%E)

11.5 [11.3, 11.7]

11.6 [11.4, 11.9]

11.6 [11.4, 11.7]

11.7 [11.5, 11.9]

11.5 [11.4, 11.7]

12.0 [11.8, 12.2]

0.19

PUFA (%E)

4.9 [4.8, 5.0]

4.6 [4.4, 4.7]***

4.9 [4.8, 5.0]

4.8 [4.7, 4.9]

4.8 [4.7, 4.9]

5.0 [4.9, 5.2]*

0.0001

Fiber density (g/1000 kJ)

2.1 [2.1, 2.2]

2.8 [2.7, 2.9]

2.1 [2.0, 2.1]

2.7 [2.7, 2.8]

2.1 [2.1, 2.2]

2.8 [2.7, 2.8]

0.49

 

Probability [95% CI]

n = 1919

n = 2535

n = 2732

n = 3111

n = 2427

n = 2563

p interaction

SEP*Time

Fruit (≥ 2 serves/d)

0.46 [0.43, 0.49]

0.48 [0.45, 0.51]

0.52 [0.50, 0.55]

0.45 [0.43, 0.48]***

0.54 [0.51, 0.56]

0.49 [0.47, 0.52]*

0.002

Vegetables (≥ 4 serves/d)

0.17 [0.15, 0.19]

0.19 [0.17, 0.21]

0.20 [0.18, 0.22]

0.18 [0.17, 0.20]

0.20 [0.18, 0.22]

0.18 [0.16, 0.20]

0.16

 

MEN, mean [95% CI]

Low income

Medium income

High income

 

1995

n = 1115

2011–13

n = 1014

1995

n = 1731

2011–13

n = 1484

1995

n = 1652

2011–13

n = 1399

p interaction

SEP*Time

Energy (kJ)

10,690 [10,390, 10,990]

9874 [9561, 10,186]

11,263 [11,028, 11,499]

10,014 [9764, 10,264]

11,350 [11,111, 11,589]

10,316 [10,053, 10,579]

0.28

Carbohydrate (%E)

44.9 [44.2, 45.6]

44.7 [43.8, 45.6]

44.7 [44.2, 45.3]

44.0 [43.4, 44.7]

43.7 [43.2, 44.3]

41.3 [40.5, 42.1]***

0.003

Total sugars (%E)

19.0 [18.4, 19.7]

18.8 [18.0, 19.5]

19.3 [18.8, 19.8]

19.0 [18.4, 19.6]

18.9 [18.4, 19.5]

18.0 [17.4, 18.6]

0.45

Protein (%E)

16.5 [16.1, 16.9]

17.5 [17.0, 18.0]

16.7 [16.4, 16.9]

18.0 [17.7, 18.4]

16.9 [16.6, 17.2]

18.7 [18.2, 19.3]

0.12

Fat (%E)

31.5 [31.0, 32.1]

31.0 [30.3, 31.7]

32.2 [31.7, 32.6]

30.2 [29.7, 30.8]***

31.4 [31.0, 31.9]

30.6 [29.9, 31.2]*

0.028

SFA (%E)

12.2 [11.9, 12.5]

12.2 [11.8, 12.5]

12.8 [12.5, 13.0]

11.3 [11.1, 11.6]***

12.3 [12.1, 12.6]

11.3 [10.9, 11.6]***

< 0.0001

MUFA (%E)

11.7 [11.4, 11.9]

11.7 [11.4, 12.1]

11.7 [11.5, 11.9]

11.6 [11.3, 11.9]

11.6 [11.4, 11.8]

11.8 [11.6, 12.1]

0.29

PUFA (%E)

4.8 [4.6, 5.0]

4.4 [4.2, 4.6]**

4.8 [4.7, 5.0]

4.7 [4.5, 4.8]

4.7 [4.6, 4.8]

4.8 [4.6, 5.0]

0.017

Fiber density (g/1000 kJ)

2.0 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.5, 2.7]

1.9 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.5, 2.7]

2.0 [1.9, 2.0]

2.6 [2.5, 2.6]

0.26

 

Probability [95% CI]

n = 803

n = 1015

n = 1315

n = 1484

n = 1228

n = 1399

p interaction

SEP*Time

Fruit (≥ 2 serves/d)

0.41 [0.37, 0.45]

0.44 [0.39, 0.48]

0.49 [0.46, 0.52]

0.39 [0.36, 0.42]***

0.49 [0.46, 0.52]

0.43 [0.39, 0.46]**

0.003

Vegetables (≥ 4 serves/d)

0.14 [0.11, 0.17]

0.18 [0.15, 0.22]

0.18 [0.15, 0.20]

0.16 [0.14, 0.19]

0.15 [0.13, 0.18]

0.14 [0.12, 0.17]

0.07

 

WOMEN, mean [95% CI]

Low income

Medium income

High income

 

1995

n = 1492

2011–13

n = 1520

1995

n = 1793

2011–13

n = 1626

1995

n = 1494

2011–13

n = 1164

p interaction

SEP*Time

Energy (kJ)

7229 [7058, 7400]

7121 [6917, 7325]

7436 [7274, 7598]

7466 [7286, 7647]

7950 [7775, 8126]

7675 [7434, 7917]

0.29

Carbohydrate (%E)

47.1 [46.5, 47.8]

45.7 [44.9, 46.5]**

46.3 [45.8, 46.8]

43.5 [42.7, 44.2]***

44.7 [44.2, 45.3]

41.2 [40.3, 42.1]***

0.017

Total sugars (%E)

20.7 [20.1, 21.3]

20.9 [20.2, 21.6]

20.6 [20.1, 21.1]

19.6 [19.0, 20.2]

19.8 [19.3, 20.3]

18.9 [18.3, 19.6]

0.13

Protein (%E)

16.7 [16.4, 17.0]

18.3 [17.8, 18.7]

16.8 [16.5, 17.1]

18.5 [18.1, 18.9]

17.0 [16.7, 17.3]

18.8 [18.3, 19.3]

0.86

Fat (%E)

31.5 [30.9, 32.1]

30.6 [29.9, 31.3]

31.7 [31.2, 32.1]

31.3 [30.7, 31.9]

31.9 [31.4, 32.5]

31.7 [31.0, 32.4]

0.51

SFA (%E)

12.1 [11.8, 12.4]

11.6 [11.2, 11.9]

12.3 [12.1, 12.6]

11.6 [11.3, 11.9]

12.5 [12.2, 12.8]

11.4 [11.1, 11.8]

0.23

MUFA (%E)

11.3 [11.1, 11.6]

11.6 [11.2, 11.9]

11.4 [11.2, 11.6]

11.9 [11.6, 12.2]

11.5 [11.2, 11.7]

12.2 [11.8, 12.6]

0.23

PUFA (%E)

5.0 [4.9, 5.2]

4.7 [4.5, 4.9]*

4.9 [4.8, 5.0]

5.0 [4.8, 5.2]

4.9 [4.8, 5.1]

5.3 [5.0, 5.5]*

0.001

Fiber density (g/1000 kJ)

2.3 [2.2, 2.4]

3.0 [2.9, 3.1]

2.3 [2.2, 2.3]

2.8 [2.8, 2.9]

2.3 [2.2, 2.4]

3.0 [2.9, 3.1]

0.34

 

Probability [95% CI]

n = 1116

n = 1520

n = 1417

n = 1627

n = 1199

n = 1164

p interaction

SEP*Time

Fruit (≥ 2 serves/d)

0.52 [0.48, 0.55]

0.53 [0.49, 0.56]

0.56 [0.53, 0.59]

0.52 [0.49, 0.55]

0.59 [0.55, 0.62]

0.57 [0.53, 0.61]

0.34

Vegetables (≥ 4 serves/d)

0.20 [0.18, 0.23]

0.20 [0.18, 0.23]

0.22 [0.19, 0.25]

0.21 [0.18, 0.23]

0.24 [0.21, 0.27]

0.23 [0.20, 0.26]

0.84

  1. aAbbreviations: %E % of energy, SEP socioeconomic position
  2. Asterisks indicate significantly different compared to 1995 value *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  3. Values represent survey-weighted, covariate adjusted means (or probabilities where indicated) and 95% CI
  4. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex/gender (except in stratified analyses), and smoking. Where results of the overall F test were statistically significant, pairwise comparisons were performed to examine change in intakes over time according to household income
  5. Income is expressed as deciles of gross equivalized household income. Low income: deciles 1–3; Medium income: deciles 4–7; High income: deciles 8–10
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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