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Table 1 Baseline characteristics, primary and secondary outcome measures for vegetable consumption, and group differences

From: Effect of a mobile app intervention on vegetable consumption in overweight adults: a randomized controlled trial

 

Baselinea

Post-randomizationa

Adjusted difference post-randomizationb

Control

App

Control

App

Mean (95% CI)

p value

Female, n (%)

42 (62.7)

42 (61.8)

    

Age, years, M (SD)

40.3 (5.8)

39.4 (6.7)

    

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

 White

50 (74.6)

41 (60.3)

    

 Asian

5 (7.5)

5 (7.4)

    

 Black/African American

5 (7.5)

3 (4.4)

    

 Other

7 (10.4)

19 (27.9)

    

Ethnicity, n (%)

 Non-Hispanic

46 (68.7)

51 (75.0)

    

 Hispanic

21 (31.3)

17 (25.0)

    

Education, n (%)

  ≤ Some college

13 (19.4)

16 (23.5)

    

 College graduate

27 (40.3)

27 (39.7)

    

 Post-graduate degree

27 (40.3)

25 (36.8)

    

Marital Status, n (%)

 Married/partnered

44 (65.7)

37 (54.4)

    

 Single/never married

16 (23.9)

23 (33.8)

    

 Separated/divorced

7 (10.4)

8 (11.8)

    

Phone, n (%)

 iPhone

60 (89.6)

61 (89.7)

    

 Android

7 (10.4)

7 (10.3)

    

FFQ,c n (%)

67 (100)

68 (100)

64 (96)

64 (94)

  

 All vegetables,d M (SD)g

8.1 (8.2)

6.7 (5.2)

6.4 (4.3)

7.4 (5.4)

2.0 (0.1, 3.8)d

0.04 d

  Green leafy

2.3 (4.2)

1.6 (1.7)

1.5 (1.2)

1.5 (1.3)

0.3 (−0.5, 1.1)

0.42

  Cruciferous

0.9 (1.1)

0.9 (1.5)

0.7 (0.7)

1.1 (1.0)

0.5 (0.1, 0.8)

0.01

  Dark yellow

0.7 (1.5)

0.5 (0.6)

0.5 (0.5)

0.5 (0.6)

0.2 (−0.1, 0.5)

0.23

  Tomatoes

0.8 (0.9)

0.6 (0.5)

0.6 (0.4)

0.6 (0.5)

0.1 (−0.1, 0.3)

0.23

  Other

3.3 (2.8)

3.2 (2.6)

3.2 (2.5)

3.7 (3.2)

0.8 (−0.1, 1.7)

0.06

 Beans (not targeted), M (SD)g

0.5 (1.0)

0.4 (0.8)

0.4 (0.6)

0.4 (0.5)

0.1 (−0.2, 0.3)

0.64

24-h recalls,e n (%)f

64 (96)

66 (97)

65 (97)

58 (85)

  

 All vegetables, M (SD)g

4.9 (3.1)

4.4 (2.9)

4.4 (2.0)

5.2 (3.9)

1.0 (0.2, 1.9)

0.02

  Dark green

1.4 (1.6)

1.3 (1.6)

1.3 (1.1)

1.5 (1.5)

0.2 (−0.2, 0.7)

0.33

  Deep yellow

0.3 (0.4)

0.4 (0.6)

0.3 (0.4)

0.5 (0.8)

0.2 (0.0, 0.4)

0.03

  Tomato

0.9 (1.0)

0.6 (0.7)

0.7 (0.7)

0.7 (0.9)

−0.0 (−0.3, 0.2)

0.77

  Other

2.4 (1.9)

2.0 (1.9)

2.1 (1.6)

2.5 (2.3)

0.5 (−0.1, 1.1)

0.08

 Beans (not targeted), M (SD)g

0.3 (0.5)

0.3 (0.6)

0.3 (0.5)

0.2 (0.4)

−0.0 (−0.2, 0.1)

0.60

  1. Boldface indicates statistical significance
  2. aSample sizes (n) for baseline and post-randomization values reported represent complete data
  3. bMain effect of app from linear mixed model, using an intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation for missing data
  4. cMeasured at baseline and 8 weeks post-randomization
  5. dPrimary outcome defined a priori
  6. eMeasured at baseline and 5 weeks post-randomization
  7. fCompleted at least one recall
  8. gServings per day, unless otherwise noted