Table 3 Eight systems and 165 factors influencing PA and SB in ethnic minority populations (Study populations and references in bold are quantitative)

Health conditions

n = 7

Surinamese, & Indian [23] South Asian [25,26,27] Pakistani & Indian [31] Asian [40] Multiethnic [47]

Local Political orientation

n = 3

Muslim [18,19,20]

Gender

n = 23

South Asian [5] Muslim [18,19,20, 28] General [21] African, Asian [22] Surinamese & Indian [23] Pakistani [24] South Asian [25,26,27, 34] Diverse [29, 35,36,37,38,39] Turkish [30] Pakistani & Indian [31] Moroccan [32] South Asian & Caribbean [33]

Knowledge of PA and Health

n = 16

North African [4] South Asian [5] Muslim [19, 20] Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [26, 40] Diverse [45] Pakistani [50] Turkish & Moroccan [52] General[54] Middle East [55] South Asian [61] Asian [62] General[63] Immigrants [64]

Demands of curriculum

n = 3

Muslim [19] Diverse [29] Diverse [45]

Sports facilities available

n = 11

South Asian [5] South Asian [18, 26, 27, 34] Diverse [29] Pakistani & Indian [31] Diverse [45] Multiethnic [47] Pakistani [50] Multiethnic [67]

Practicalities/responsibilities

n = 10

Pakistani [24] South Asian [26, 27, 40, 52] Muslim [28] Pakistani & Indian [31] Minority [42] Mixed [45] Sami [76]

Language

n = 9

South Asian [25,26,27, 40, 49, 52] South Asian [54] Mixed [71, 72]

Physical health

n = 4

South Asian [26] Pakistani & Indian [31] South Asian [49] Pakistani [65]

Health care system adaptation

n = 2

Multiethnic [47] South Asian [58]

Religious requirements

n = 9

Muslim [20] South Asian [26, 34, 40, 41] Pakistani, Indian, [31] General [37] [40, 41] Diverse [42] Diverse [43]

Self-image

n = 11

Muslim [20] Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [26, 49, 52, 58] Asian [27] Multiethnic [47] Pakistani [50, 65] Turkish & Moroccan [53]

Head teacher’s attitude and resources

n = 3

Muslim [18–20]

Lack of appropriate activities

n = 10

South Asian [5, 61] Muslim [18] South Asian [26, 27, 40] immigrant [39] Minority [42] African [62] Pakistani [65]

Time constraints

n = 7

South Asian [5] South Asian [27, 40] Mixed [29] Pakistani & Indian [31] Immigrant [39] Pakistani [50]

Acculturation

n = 6

Mixed [21, 72] Turkish [30] Minority [42] Turkish & Moroccan [53] Turkish [59]

Religious fasting

n = 3

Muslim [19] South Asian [26, 27]

National political orientation

n = 1

Muslim [18]

Religion and culture

n = 8

South Asian [5] Muslim [18, 20] South Asian [26] Minority [43] General [44] Diverse [45] Mixed [46]

Knowledge of PA

n = 9

Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [26, 40, 58] Pakistani & Indian [31]

Pakistani [50,65] Middle East [55] African [62]

Priorities in school

n = 2

Diverse [29] South Asian [41]

Lack of culturally sensitive facilities

n = 7

Muslim [18, 19] South Asian [26, 27, 39, 52] Pakistani [31]

Occupation

n = 5

Pakistani & Indian [31] Immigrant [39] Multiethnic [47] Multiethnic [67] Mixed [72]

Country of birth

n = 5

Mixed [21,44, 46, 71, 75]

Healthcare support

n = 3

South Asian [26, 49, 58]

Commitments within family

n = 8

Muslim [20, 48] Pakistani [24] South Asian [27, 40] Pakistani & Indian [31] Immigrant [39] Multiethnic [47]

Dangers of environments and strangers

n = 7

South Asian [5] Pakistani [24] South Asian [26, 27, 34] Pakistani & Indian [31] [34] Mixed [45]

Exam pressure

n = 2

Muslim [20] Diverse[29]

Expenses

n = 6

Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [27, 34, 41] Diverse [45] South Asian [61]

Education

n = 4

Turkish [30] Immigrant [39] Iraqi [63] Multiethnic [67]

Racial harassment

n = 4

South Asian [27, 40] Minority [42] South Asian [54]

Mental health

n = 2

South Asian [70] Pakistani [65]

,

Modesty

n = 8

South Asian [5] Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [26, 27, 40, 49] Pakistani & Indian [31] Immigrant [38]

Ideas of ideal body

n = 6

South Asian [40, 41] Multiethnic [47] South Asian [54,61] African [62]

Occupational PA

n = 2

South Asian [27] Turkish [59]

Religious dress requirements

n = 6

Muslim [18, 20] African- Caribbean, Asian & South Asian [22] South Asian [27, 40] Immigrant [38]

Financial limitations

n = 4

South Asian [5] General[21] Immigrant [39] Multiethnic [67]

Time since migration

n = 4

Mixed [21, 72] South Asian & Surinamese [73] Tunisian [74]

Pain

n = 2

South Asian [26, 49]

Women as caregiver/mother

n = 7

South Asian [5] South Asian [26, 27, 40] Minority [42] Mixed [46] Muslim [48]

Confidence level

n = 6

South Asian [26, 49, 58] Pakistani [50,65] Turkish & Moroccan [53]

Traditional livelihood

n = 2

South Asian [27] Sami [66]

Transportation and infrastructure

n = 5

South Asian [26, 27] Moroccan [32] Multiethnic [47] Mixed [68]

Lack of parental time

n = 3

Pakistani [24] South Asian [34, 41]

Lack of knowledge of host culture

n = 3

General [21] South Asian [54] Mixed [64]

Primary health care

n = 2

Multiethnic [47] South Asian [58]

Ideals of behaviour

n = 7

Muslim [18, 28] Pakistani [24] South Asian [27, 34] Diverse [29] Immigrant [39]

Prevent disease

n = 6

South Asian [5] Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [25, 58] Minority [43] Pakistani [65]

Emphasis on competitive sports

n = 1

South Asian [34]

Climate

n = 5

Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [27] Pakistani & Indian [31] Moroccan [32] Mixed [69]

Taking time from family and gender role activities

n = 3

South Asian [5] African-Caribbean & South Asian [22] Pakistani & Indian [31]

Discrimination

n = 1

Mixed [46]

Lack of follow-up

n = 1

South Asian [58]

Family

n = 7

Muslim [18, 28] Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [26] Pakistani [50] Multi-ethnic [51] Turkish & Moroccan [52]

Karma/fatalism

n = 5

South Asian [5] Surinamese & Indian [23] Pakistani [31] South Asian [40, 52]

Lack of PA in school

n = 1

South Asian [34]

Unattractive neighbourhood

n = 4

Mixed [45] Multiethnic [47] Turkish [59] Mixed [68]

Income

n = 3

Migrants [35] Multiethic [47] Mixed [77]

Immigration history

n = 1

Mixed [37]

Poor physical fitness

n = 1

Pakistani [65]

Shame

n = 7

South Asian [5] Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [26, 27, 40] Pakistani & Indian [31] Immigrant [38]

Experience of PA/PE

n = 5

Immigrant [39] Multiethnic [47] Middle East [55] South Asian [58] Mixed [60]

Lack of extra-curricular staff

n = 1

Diverse [29]

Lack of gym instructor support

n = 4

Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [26, 52, 58]

Parental employment

n = 2

Pakistani [24] Mixed [75]

Stereotypes of children’s interests

n = 1

South Asian [34]

Stress

n = 1

Pakistani [65]

Cultural requirements

n = 6

Muslim [20] Pakistani [24] Diverse[29] South Asian [34] Turkish & Moroccan [53] General [54]

Goal setting

n = 5

Surinamese & Indian [23] South Asian [27, 40] Minority [42] Pakistani [50]

Limited school resources

n = 1

Diverse [29]

Living in urban area

n = 3

Mixed [37] South Asian [40,70]

social position

n = 2

Multiethnic [47] Pakistani & Indian [31]

Social ties with home country

n = 1

Tunisian [74]

Depression

n = 1

Pakistani [65]

Social acceptance of PA

n = 6

South Asian [5] African, Asian [22] South Asian [40] General [54, 56] Middle East [55]

Motivation

n = 5

South Asian [26, 40, 58] Immigrant [39] Pakistani [65]

PE choices unappealing

n = 1

Diverse [29]

Lack of women only facilities

n = 3

Muslim [18] Mixed [37] Immigrant [39]

Marital staus

n = 1

Turkish [30]

Generation

n = 1

Minorities [57]

Bad health

n = 1

Pakistani [65]

Social environment

n = 5

South Asian [27, 49] Multiethnic [47] Turkish & Moroccan [52] Minorities [57]

Notions of leisure-time PA

n = 4

South Asian [27] Pakistani & Indian [31] Moroccan [32] Sami [66]

Lack of separation work-leisure

n = 1

Sami [66]

Home environment

n = 3

Moroccan [32] Immigrant [36] Multiethnic [47]

Parental education level

n = 1

Mixed [77]

Host country

n = 1

Turkish [30]

Social support

n = 5

South Asian [25, 26, 58] Immigrant [39] Turkish & Moroccan [53]

Lack of enjoyment of PA

n = 4

Surinamese & Indian [23] Pakistani & Indian [31] Diverse [45] Muslim [48]

PE’s difference from other subjects

n = 1

Muslim [19]

Too much traffic

n = 2

Turkish [59] Mixed [45]

Age at time of migration

n = 1

Mixed [71]

Structural constraints in family

n = 5

Pakistani [24] Pakistani & Indian [31] Immigrant [39] Turkish [59] Mixed [60]

Health beliefs about PA

n = 3

Surinamese & Indian [23] Pakistani & Indian [31] General[54]

Negotiating participation

n = 1

Muslim [18]

Logistics of activities

n = 2

South Asian [26] Immigrant [39]

Migration

n = 1

South Asian [52]

Concepts of aging/generation

n = 5

South Asian [26, 27] Immigrant [36] Turkish & Moroccan [52] South Asian [61]

Attitudes

n = 3

Immigrants [56] South Asian [61] Pakistani [65]

Short-term activities

n = 2

South Asian [26] Pakistani & Indian [31]

Immigrant parent

n = 1

Mixed [77]

Parental attitudes to PA

n = 4

Muslim [18, 20, 28] Minorities [60]

Not the sporty type

n = 3

South Asian [27] Multiethnic [47] Pakistani [65]

Bad weather

n = 2

South Asian [5] Pakistani [24]

,

Lack of ‘exercise culture’

n = 4

Diverse [29] Pakistani & Indian [31] Turkish & Moroccan [52] Middle East [55]

PA as part of everyday life

n = 2

South Asian [25, 34]

Financial incentives

n = 2

Multiethnic [47]

Women not to be alone outside

n = 3

Muslim [28] Pakistani & Indian [31] General[54]

Interest in PA

n = 2

Mixed [29] Mixed [45]

Lack of information

n = 2

South Asian [52] Mixed [77]

Purposeful PA selfish

n = 3

South Asian [5] South Asian [49] General[54]

Perceived dis−/advantages of PA

n = 2

South Asian [49] Turkish & Moroccan [53]

Lack of open space

n = 2

South Asian [5] South Asian [34]

Age

n = 3

Muslim [20] Turkish [30] South Asian [58]

Self-efficacy

n = 2

Pakistani [50] Turkish & Moroccan [53]

Attractive environment

n = 1

Mixed [68]

Religious festivals

n = 3

Muslim [19] South Asian [26, 27]

Lack of knowledge of area

n = 2

Pakistani & Indian [31] South Asian [52]

Media portrayal of unsafe environment

n = 1

South Asian [34]

Religious prayer

n = 3

Muslim [19] South Asian [26, 27]

Perceived restrictions

n = 2

South Asian [49, 58]

Access to play area

n = 1

Mixed [60]

Peer group

n = 3

South Asian [26] Mixed [47] Turkish & Moroccan [52]

Views on age, lifestyle and health

n = 2

South Asian [49, 58]

Home appliances limit PA

n = 1

Moroccan [32]

Few active friends or family

n = 3

South Asian [27] Minority [42] Pakistani [50]

Fear of racism

n = 2

South Asian [54,61]

Lack of green space

n = 1

Mixed [29]

PA role models

n = 3

Muslim [20] Surinamese & Indian [23] Pakistani [50]

Preference of PA

n = 2

Multiethnic [47] South Asian [52]

Lack of safe storage in school for bikes/kit

n = 1

Mixed [29]

PA irrelevant to disease

n = 2

Pakistani & Indian [31] General [54]

Not gaining weight

n = 2

South Asian [49] Pakistani [65]

Few sidewalks

n = 1

Turkish [59]

Ethnic group

n = 2

South Asian & Caribbean [33] Minority [43]

Want to be fit

n = 2

South Asian [49] Pakistani [65]

Convenience of SB, e.g. TV

n = 1

Pakistani [24]

Ethnic minority concentration

n = 2

General [37] Mixed [80]

Concerns about safety

n = 1

South Asian [54]

Status of PE in some Muslim communities

n = 1

Muslim [20]

Habitus

n = 2

Minorities [57] Mixed [68]

Walking to school resisted

n = 1

Mixed [29]

Financial sanctions

n = 1

Multiethnic [47]

Social influence

n = 2

South Asian [52] Turkish & Moroccan [53]

Fear of falling

n = 1

South Asian [26]

Country

n = 1

Multiethnic [47]

Functional support

n = 2

South Asian [26, 52]

Lack of PA routine

n = 1

South Asian [26]

Structural barriers

n = 1

South Asian [5]

Facilitative relatives

n = 2

South Asian [26, 52]

Lack of intention

n = 1

Surinamese & Indian [23]

Crime

n = 1

Turkish [59]

Social network

n = 2

Mixed [46, 72]

Ability to use health care

n = 1

Mixed [72]

Preferred mode of transportation

n = 2

Immigrant [38] Multiethnic [67]

Body consciousness increased during adolescence

n = 1

Muslim [20]

Religious community

n = 2

Diverse [45] Multiethnic [47]

Religious consciousness increased during adolescence

n = 1

Muslim [20]

Stereotypes

n = 1

Minority [42]

Lack of PA skills

n = 1

Pakistani [50]

Parental marital status

n = 1

General[37]

Values associated with PA

n = 1

Pakistani [50]

Car use

n = 1

South Asian [34]

Behavioural control

n = 1

Pakistani [65]

Inactive parental lifestyle

n = 1

South Asian [34]

Identity

n = 1

Pakistani [65]

Increased sedentary activities

n = 1

South Asian [34]

Social resources

n = 1

Minorities [60]

Parents’ participation in organised sports

n = 1

Minorities [60]

Activities in own community

n = 1

South Asian [40]

Work ethics

n = 1

South Asian [40]

Historical experiences and adaptations

n = 1

Minorities [57]

Children as incentive to be active

n = 1

South Asian [27]

Partner’s or family disproval

n = 1

South Asian [27]

Behaviour of others

n = 1

Turkish & Moroccan [53]

Gym based exercise unfamiliar

n = 1

South Asian [52]

Collectivist norms

n = 1

South Asian [52]

Overprotective family

n = 1

South Asian [52]

Traditional authorities

n = 1

Surinamese & Indian [23]

Symbolic meaning of certain foods

n = 1

Surinamese & Indian [23]

Attitude of peers

n = 1

Musilim [18]

Traditional power relations

n = 1

Musilim [18]