Table 4 Change in preference or consumption of a product when a health-related claim was present

Ares (2008) [25]

Rating: willingness to try, 7-point Likert scale

Yogurt

NOF (antioxidants)

−3.77% (−5.91%, −1.63%)

Y + N

Ncon (fibre)

-3.34% (−5.48%, −1.20%)

Ncon (fat)

-6.80% (−8.94%), (−4.66%)

Milk desserts

NOF (antioxidants)

-2.98% (−5.20%, −0.75%)

Ncon (fibre)

-2.77% (−5.00%, −0.55%)

Ncon (fat)

-1.81% (−4.04%, 0.41%)

Bread

NOF (antioxidants)

-4.03% (−6.32%, −1.74%)

Ncon (fibre)

-0.70% (−2.99%, 1.59%)

Ncon (fat)

-4.21% (−6.50%, −1.92%)

Mayonnaise

NOF (antioxidants)

-12.12% (−14.63, −9.60)

Ncon (fibre)

-19.86% (−22.37, −17.34)

Ncon (fat)

−1.01% (−3.52%, 1.51%)

Ares (2009) [26]

Rating: willingness to try, 7-point Likert scale

Milk dessert

NOF (fibre - calcium absorption + beneficial gut bacteria),(antioxidant - fat oxidation + cellular health)

+29.37%

HC: Y

NC: N

RDR: (fibre - cancer), (antioxidants - heart disease + cancer)

+31.47%

Ncon (fibre, b-glucans)

+16.29%

Ncon (antioxidant, flavoids)

+14.06%

Belei (2012) [31]

Mean amount consumed

Chocolate

Ncon (fat)

+38.4% (25.0%, 51.7%)

Y + N

NOF (cacao - antioxidant)

-34.3% (−41.3%, −27.3%)

Replication study:

Ncon (fat)

+ 43.4% (18.5%, 68.2%)

NOF (cacao - antioxidant)

-47.2% (−54.4%, −39.9%)

Ncon (low cholesterol

−49.5% (−54.6%, −44.4%)

Carbonneau (2015) [32]

10 day mean energy (kcal) intake

.

Ncon (fat)

+3.4% (−2.1%, 8.9%)

Y

Ncon (energy)

+ 3.9% (−1.9, 9.8%)

Coleman (2014) [34]

Rating: purchase intent, 5-point Likert scale

White bread.

HRIC or GHC/Prebiotic

+17.6% (11.2%, 24.0%)

Y

NOF (satiety)

+ 1.2% (−5.7%, 8.1%)

NOF (weight)

+ 14.9% (6.4%, 23.4%)

RDR (cancer)

+ 13.3% (5.3%, 21.4%)

NOF (minerals)

+ 22.0% (15.1%, 28.9%)

Kiesel (2013) [39]

Sales over 4 weeks for pre-exposure and exposure period.

Microwave popcorn.

NUTRIENT CLAIMS

+16.1% (12.0%, 20.2%)

Y

Ncon (energy)

+ 25.4%

Ncon (fat)

14.6%  + 3.2%

Ncon (fat –FDA)

Koenigstorfer (2013) [40]

Mean amount consumed

Savoury snack (trail mix)

GHC (Fitness)

+149% (110.9%, 186.2%)

Y

N serving themselves:

OR 4.4 (3.6, 5.1)

Kozup (2003) [41]

Rating: purchase intent, 7-point Likert scale

Frozen ready meal (lasagne)

RDR (saturated fat + cholesterol - CHD), Logo (Heart healthy - novel logo with description provided)

15%

Y

Lin (2015) [43]

Purchase intent rating

Tea drink

NOF (weight loss)

+10.22% (−20.9%, 41.4%)

Y

Roberto (2012) [52]

Rating: purchase intent, 9-point Likert scale

Breakfast cereal

Logo: Servings per pack

+16.3% (−2.7%, 35.4%)

Y + N

Logo: Serving size

+ 23.7% (3.8%, 43.6%)

Buying for children

Logo: Servings per pack

+20.4% (0.8%, 40.1%)

Logo: Serving size

+ 16.6% (−2.3%, 35.4%)

Logo: Servings per pack

-0.3% (−13.9%, 13.3%)

Meant amount consumed: Total cereal + milk eaten (grams) Cereal poured (grams)

Logo: Serving size

+ 5.8% (−9.4%, 21.0%)

Steenhuis (2010) [53]

Mean amount consumed

Chocolate mousse cake

Logo (Choices)

−7.4% (−21.7%, 6.9%)

N

Wansink (2006) [14]

Study 1: mean calories served

Chocolate and granola.

Ncon (fat)

Study 1: +28.4%

Y

Study 3: mean calories consumed

Study 3: +50.1%