Association between store food environment and customer purchases in small grocery stores, gas-marts, pharmacies and dollar stores

Table 2 Association between overall healthy food availability and promotions and Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) of purchases^a

	HEI-2010
	Model 1^b		Model 2^c		Model 3^d
	LS means (HEI-2010)	p	LS means (HEI-2010)	p	LS means (HEI-2010)	p
Healthy impulse buys		.43		.45		.51
Yes	31.3		31.4		31.4
No	30.3		30.4		30.6
Healthy advertisements: exterior		.04		.03		.20
Yes	29.5		29.4		30.0
No	32.0		32.2		31.8
Healthy advertisements: interior		.90		.67		.79
Yes	30.8		30.6		31.4
No	31.0		31.2		31.0
Shelf space: Fresh fruits/vegetables (in feet)		.0004		.0006		.002
None	29.9		29.7		28.8
Low (1–5)	28.5		28.8		30.8
Higher (>5)	34.3		34.3		35.2
Shelf space ratio: Fruits/vegetables to unhealthy		<.0001		<.0001		.0002
None	29.8		29.5		28.8
Low (.002–014)	28.4		28.5		30.2
Higher (>.014)	35.0		35.1		35.9
Healthy Food Supply Score (HFSS)^e	(β = 0.3; se = 0.1)	.02	(β = 0.3; se = 0.1)	.03	(β = 0.2; se = 0.2)	0.2
8	29.8		29.7		29.5
9.5	30.1		30.1		30.2
11.5	31.0		30.8		30.7

^aData collected in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN in 2014
^bunadjusted
^cadjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education
^dadjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education and store type
^eHFSS modeled as continuous measure (β = regression coefficient; se = standard error); predicted means of HEI (range 0–100) are shown for the Q1 (8), median (9.5), and Q3 (11.5) values of HFSS (range 1–31) only for interpretability purposes

ISSN: 1479-5868