Table 3 Odds ratio (95% CI) of eating frequently at hawker centers (10 or more meals per week) or fast-food restaurants (1 or more meals per week) by socio-demographic characteristics of participants from the Singapore National Nutrition Survey (2010)a
| Â | Hawker centers 10 or more meals per week (27.1%) | Western fast-food restaurants 1 or more meals per week (27.3%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | |
Age (years) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94)* | 0.92 (0.90–0.94)* | 0.93 (0.91–0.95)* |
Sex | ||||||
 Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Female | 0.57 (0.39–0.84)* | 0.54 (0.36–0.81)* | 0.64 (0.42–0.96)* | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.66 (0.46–0.96)* | 0.71 (0.49–1.03) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
 Chinese | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Malay | 0.16 (0.10–0.24)* | 0.16 (0.10–0.24)* | 0.12 (0.08–0.20)* | 1.68 (1.22–2.30)* | 1.31 (0.93–1.84) | 1.44 (1.00–2.06)* |
 Indian | 0.15 (0.10–0.24)* | 0.15 (0.10–0.23)* | 0.13 (0.08–0.21)* | 0.76 (0.54–1.08) | 0.50 (0.34–0.74)* | 0.50 (0.33–0.74)* |
Marital status | ||||||
 Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Married | 1.15 (0.78–1.68) | 1.03 (0.64–1.65) | 1.08 (0.66–1.79) | 0.31 (0.22–0.45)* | 1.32 (0.84–2.07) | 1.21 (0.73–2.02) |
 Widowed/divorced/separated | 0.92 (0.44–1.93) | 0.94 (0.37–2.39) | 1.33 (0.50–3.50) | 0.11 (0.05–0.25)* | 0.83 (0.30–2.33) | 0.81 (0.27–2.40) |
Education | ||||||
 Primary or lower | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Secondary | 1.15 (0.62–2.14) | 1.26 (0.66–2.39) | 1.02 (0.51–2.05) | 4.02 (2.18–7.38)* | 1.99 (1.04–3.80)* | 1.62 (0.81–3.23) |
 Junior college or diploma | 1.01 (0.52–1.94) | 1.00 (0.46–2.18) | 0.84 (0.36–1.96) | 11.18 (5.97–20.93)* | 2.94 (1.40–6.15)* | 2.07 (0.94–4.54) |
 Degree or professional qualifications | 1.12 (0.57–2.20) | 0.97 (0.42–2.23) | 0.83 (0.31–2.19) | 6.63 (3.45–12.76)* | 2.47 (1.06–5.77)* | 1.74 (0.71–4.26) |
Monthly household income | ||||||
  < $2000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 $2000 - $3999 | 1.56 (0.94–2.56) | 1.43 (0.79–2.59) | 1.48 (0.84–2.60) | 1.45 (0.92–2.28) | 1.24 (0.78–1.98) | 1.19 (0.74–1.92) |
 $4000 - $5999 | 1.17 (0.66–2.07) | 1.02 (0.54–1.93) | 1.10 (0.59–2.03) | 1.66 (1.05–2.64)* | 1.38 (0.84–2.26) | 1.25 (0.74–2.13) |
 $6000 and above | 1.03 (0.58–1.80) | 0.75 (0.41–1.37) | 0.83 (0.44–1.58) | 1.72 (1.03–2.85)* | 1.51 (0.82–2.80) | 1.34 (0.75–2.41) |
Employment | ||||||
 Employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Student/national serviceman | 0.18 (0.08–0.39)* | 0.20 (0.09–0.48)* | 0.17 (0.06–0.49)* | 4.48 (2.51–8.00)* | 0.86 (0.45–1.66) | 0.73 (0.34–1.59) |
 Homemaker/housewife | 0.11 (0.05–0.25)* | 0.12 (0.05–0.32)* | 0.10 (0.03–0.31)* | 0.31 (0.18–0.53)* | 0.74 (0.40–1.37) | 0.94 (0.49–1.80) |
 Retired/unemployed | 0.72 (0.23–2.31) | 0.53 (0.15–1.81) | 0.83 (0.18–3.75) | 0.71 (0.19–2.71) | 2.43 (0.50–11.77) | 3.26 (0.66–16.21) |