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Table 3 Association between type 2 diabetes risk and maintenance or improvement of lifestyle recommendation achievement between baseline and 10-year follow up

From: Change in lifestyle behaviors and diabetes risk: evidence from a population-based cohort study with 10 year follow-up

 

Recommendation met

 

Total

Diabetes cases at 10 year follow-up

Model 1a

Model 2b

Lifestyle behaviour

Baseline

10 year follow-up

Change

n

n

%

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Tobacco use

Yes

Yes

Maintenance

21,695

675

3.1

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

Recommendation:

Yes

No

No maintenance

1,362

41

3.0

0.92

0.66, 1.29

0.94

0.64, 1.38

No current smoking/snuff

No

No

No improvement

7,597

290

3.8

1.00

Ref

1.00

ref

 

No

Yes

Improvement

3,069

128

4.2

1.09

0.87, 1.36

1.04

0.81, 1.35

Physical Activity

Yes

Yes

Maintenance

11,624

319

2.7

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

Recommendation:

Yes

No

No maintenance

4,317

129

3.0

1.04

0.84, 1.29

1.00

0.79, 1.26

Moderately active/Active

No

No

No improvement

10,508

393

3.7

1.00

Ref

1.00

ref

 

No

Yes

Improvement

5,900

184

3.1

0.88

0.73, 1.06

0.89

0.73, 1.09

Dietary fiber intake

Yes

Yes

Maintenance

1,259

37

2.9

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

Recommendation:

Yes

No

No maintenance

1,133

45

4.0

1.34

0.84, 2.12

1.38

0.80, 2.37

>15.0 g/1,000 kcal of total energy

No

No

No improvement

25,824

836

3.2

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

 

No

Yes

Improvement

4,001

121

3.0

0.83

0.68, 1.02

0.89

0.70, 1.14

Fat intake

Yes

Yes

Maintenance

3,415

102

3.0

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

Recommendation:

Yes

No

No maintenance

3,948

150

3.8

1.25

0.96, 1.63

1.26

0.93, 1.71

<30.0 % of total energy

No

No

No improvement

19,838

631

3.2

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

 

No

Yes

Improvement

5,016

156

3.1

0.91

0.75, 1.09

0.92

0.74, 1.15

Alcohol intake

Yes

Yes

Maintenance

31,125

1,008

3.2

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

Recommendation:

Yes

No

No maintenance

1,229

49

4.0

1.06

0.78, 1.43

1.13

0.79, 1.59

>0.0 & <20.0 g/day

No

No

No improvement

1,488

52

3.5

1.00

ref

1.00

ref

 

No

Yes

Improvement

728

25

3.4

1.11

0.67, 1.84

1.17

0.65, 2.10

  1. a Model adjusted for baseline BMI, sex, marital status, education at baseline in 3 categories, calendar year at baseline, family history of diabetes yes/no, age group at baseline (30, 40 or 50)
  2. b Model additionally mutually adjusted for achievement status of all recommendations at baseline and 10 year follow-up
  3. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, OR Odds ratio