Table 3 Multivariable generalized linear models for annual medical service utilization and expenditure stratified by SMMI^a and dietary diversity (n = 1337) (exp, β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals)

n (%)

168 (12.6)

162 (12.1)

506 (37.9)

501 (37.5)

Deceased n (%)

100 (59.5)

65 (40.1)

172 (33.9)

133 (26.5)

  Outpatient services

0.86 (0.82, 0.89) ^***

0.94 (0.91, 0.98) ^***

0.94 (0.92, 0.96)^***

Reference

<0.001

  Preventive care

0.81 (0.68, 0.98) ^*

0.92 (0.78, 1.10)

0.91 (0.81, 1.02)

Reference

0.030

  Dental services

0.60 (0.47, 0.77) ^***

0.76 (0.63, 0.92) ^**

0.92 (0.81, 1.06)

Reference

<0.001

  Emergency

1.18 (0.94, 1.48)

1.26 (1.01, 1.58)

1.02 (0.86, 1.22)

Reference

0.051

 Hospitalization, days^b

2.02 (1.90, 2.14) ^***

1.70 (1.60, 1.80) ^***

1.27 (1.21, 1,34) ^***

Reference

<0.001

  Outpatient services

0.77 (0.66, 0.90) ^**

0.85 (0.73, 0.99) ^*

0.93 (0.84, 1.04)

Reference

<0.001

  Preventive care

0.74 (0.65, 0.86) ^**

0.92 (0.73, 1.05)

0.88 (0.80, 0.97)*

Reference

<0.001

  Dental services

0.71 (0.54, 0.94) ^*

0.77 (0.61, 0.97)^*

0.88 (0.75, 1.05)

Reference

0.004

  Emergency

1.42 (1.10, 1.83)^**

1.53 (1.19, 1.96)^***

1.37 (1.14, 1.64)^***

Reference

<0.001

 Hospitalization

2.24 (1.63, 3.07) ^***

2.05 (1.48, 2.83) ^***

1.27 (1.01, 1.58)^*

Reference

<0.001

Total medical expenditure

1.51 (1.22, 1.87) ^***

1.37 (1.11, 1.70) ^**

1.12 (0.96, 1.29)

Reference

<0.001