From: Lifestyle correlates of overweight in adults: a hierarchical approach (the SPOTLIGHT project)
N = 5295, n (%) or median (IQR) | Subgroup 1 n = 315 (5.9) | Subgroup 2 n = 1400 (26.4) | Subgroup 3 n = 353 (6.7) | Subgroup 4 n = 497 (9.4) | Subgroup 5 n = 545 (10.3) | Subgroup 6 n = 360 (6.8) | Subgroup 7 n = 268 (5.1) | Subgroup 8 n = 243 (4.6) | Subgroup 9 n = 638 (12.0) | Subgroup 10 n = 676 (12.8) | p †|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||||||
 Gender |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Male | 133 (42.5) | 550 (39.5) | 122 (34.8) | 201 (40.5) | 251 (46.5) | 165 (46.3) | 121 (45.3) | 136 (57.1) | 242 (38.7) | 395 (59.2) | < 0.001 |
  Female | 180 (57.5) | 842 (60.5) | 229 (65.2) | 295 (59.5) | 289 (53.5) | 191 (53.7) | 146 (54.7) | 102 (42.9) | 384 (61.3) | 272 (40.8) | |
 Age (in years) | 38.0 (20.0)a | 47.0 (24.0)a,b | 49.0 (25.5)a,c | 52.0 (27.0)a,b,d | 51.5 (25.0)a,b,e | 60.5 (22.0)a,b,c,d,e,f | 45.0 (21.0)a,d,e,f,g | 53.0 (24.0)a,b,g,h | 57.0 (24.0)a,b,c,d,g,i | 63.0 (18.0)a,b,c,d,e,g,h,i | < 0.001 |
  Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   High level | 243 (78.4) | 893 (65.3) | 209 (60.6) | 251 (51.3) | 344 (63.9) | 134 (37.6) | 128 (50.2) | 139 (58.4) | 228 (36.1) | 235 (35.5) | < 0.001 |
   Low level | 67 (21.6) | 474 (34.7) | 136 (39.4) | 238 (48.7) | 194 (36.1) | 222 (62.4) | 127 (49.8) | 99 (41.6) | 403 (63.9) | 427 (64.5) | |
Overweight | 63 (20.0) | 482 (34.4) | 148 (41.9) | 220 (44.3) | 243 (44.6) | 170 (47.2) | 146 (54.5) | 142 (58.4) | 377 (59.1) | 442 (65.4) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 (4.0)a | 23.5 (4.9)a,b | 24.0 (5.1)a,c | 24.5 (5.4)a,b,d | 24.6 (4.9)a,b,e | 24.7 (5.3)a,b,f | 25.3 (5.2)a,b,c,e,g | 25.5 (6.0)a,b,c,d,e | 25.8 (6.1)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h | 26.7 (5.5)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h | < 0.001 |
Lifestyle-related behaviors | |||||||||||
 Tobacco smoke status |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No smoker | 262 (83.4) | 1 189 (85.7) | 279 (79.7) | 403 (81.9) | 0 | 263 (74.7) | 194 (74.3) | 0 | 459 (73.2) | 0 | < 0.001 |
  Former | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 545 (100) | 0 | 0 | 243 (100) | 0 | 676 (100) | |
  Current | 52 (16.6) | 198 (14.3) | 71 (20.3) | 89 (18.1) | 0 | 89 (25.3) | 67 (25.7) | 0 | 168 (26.8) | 0 | |
 Physical activity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Transport-related physical activity (min/d) | 26.0 (53.0)a | 29.0 (52.0)b | 13.0 (40.0)a,b,c | 26.0 (53.0)c,d | 26.0 (55.0)c,e | 77.0 (94.0)a,b,c,d,e,f | 9.0 (30.0)a,b,d,e,f,g | 20.0 (51.0)c,f,g,h | 19.0 (51.0)b,c,f,g,i | 36.0 (93.0)b,c,e,f,g,h,i | < 0.001 |
  Leisure-time physical activity (min/d) | 26.0 (40.0)a | 36.0 (39.0)a,b | 0 (4.0)a,b,c | 26.0 (45.0)b,c,d | 26.0 (42.0)b,c,e | 86.0 (60.0)a,b,c,d,e,f | 0 (4.0)a,b,d,e,f,g | 17.0 (53.0)b,c,f,g,h | 9.0 (20.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i | 26.0 (54.0)b,c,d,f,g,i | < 0.001 |
 Domain-specific sedentary behaviors |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Television time (min/d) | 0 (13.0)a | 94.0 (60.0)a,b | 90.0 (60.0)a,c | 167.0 (26.0)a,b,c,d | 94.0 (60.0)a,d,e | 257.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,f | 94.0 (60.0)a,d,f,g | 86.5 (64.0)a,d,f,h | 257.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,g,h,i | 219.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,i | < 0.001 |
  Computer time (min/d) | 77.0 (136.5)a | 91.2 (89.3)a,b | 60.0 (90.0)a,c | 77.0 (94.0)b,c,d | 60.0 (81.0)a,e | 129.0 (14.6)a,b,c,d,e,f | 77.0 (98.0) b,c,e,f,g | 77.0 (73.5)b,c,e,f,h | 120.0 (146.0)a,b,c,d,e,g,h | 103.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h | < 0.001 |
  Other leisure sitting time (min/d) | 77.0 (106.0)a | 69.0 (93.0)a | 51.0 (90.0)a,b,c | 60.0 (129.0)c,d | 69.0 (94.10)c,d,e | 94.0 (158.5)a,b,c,d,e,f | 51.0 (120.0)a,b,e,f | 60.0 (107.0)f | 63.0 (146.0)c,f | 60.0 (146.0)b,c,f | < 0.001 |
  Transport-related sitting time (min/d) | 60.0 (76.0)a | 60.0 (68.0)b | 50.0 (60.0)b,c | 60.0 (67.0)c | 53.0 (62.0)e | 77.0 (103.0)a,b,c,d,e | 60.0 (59.0)e,f | 60.0 (73.0)c | 61.0 (90.0)c,d | 93.8 (102.1)b,c,d,f | < 0.001 |
 Eating habits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Fruit intake (times per week) | 7.0 (10.0)a | 7.0 (3.0)b | 7.0 (3.0)c | 7.0 (3.0)b,d | 7.0 (3.0)e | 7.0 (3.0)f | 4.0 (5.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g | 7.0 (3.0)g,h | 6.0 (4.0)a,b,c,e,f,g,h,i | 7.0 (3.0)g,i | < 0.001 |
  Vegetable intake (times per week) | 7.0 (2.0)a | 7.0 (1.0)b | 7.0 (0)a,b,c | 7.0 (2.0)a,c,d | 7.0 (1.0)c,e | 7.0 (2.0)a,b,c,e,f | 5.0 (3.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g | 7.0 (2.0)c,g,h | 7.0 (2.0)a,b,c,e,g,h,i | 7.0 (2.0)a,b,c,g,i | < 0.001 |
  Fish intake (times per week) | 0.5 (1.5)a | 0.5 (1.5)b | 0.5 (1.5)c | 0.5 (1.5)d | 0.5 (1.5)e | 0.5 (1.5)f | 0.5 (0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g | 0.5 (1.5)g | 0.5 (1.5)b,f,g | 0.5 (1.5)g | < 0.001 |
  Fast-food intake (times per week) | 0.5 (0) | 0.5 (0)a | 0.5 (0)b | 0.5 (0)c | 0.5 (0)d | 0.5 (0) | 0.5 (0)a,b,c,d | 0.5 (0)e | 0.5 (0) | 0.5 (0)e | 0.001 |
  Sweets intake (times per week) | 3.0 (5.5) | 3.0 (5.5) | 3.0 (6.5) | 3.0 (4.5) | 3.0 (4.5)a | 3.0 (5.5) | 3.0 (4.5) | 3.0 (5.5) | 3.0 (4.5)a,b | 3.0 (5.5)b | 0.038 |
  Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (times per week) | 0.5 (4.5)a | 2.0 (4.5)b | 2.0 (6.5)c | 2.0 (6.5)a,d | 0.5 (3.5)c,d,e | 2.0 (6.5)e | 2.0 (6.5)a,e,f | 2.0 (4.5)f,g | 3.0 (6.5)a,b, d,e,g,h | 2.0 (6.5)h | < 0.001 |
  Alcohol consumption (times per week) | 2.0 (4.5)a | 2.0 (4.5)b | 2.0 (4.5)c | 2.0 (4.5)d | 4.0 (6.5)a,b,c,d,e | 2.5 (5.5)d | 0.5 (4.5)e,f | 4.0 (6.5)a,b,c,d | 2.0 (5.5)e,g | 3.0 (6.5)a,b,c,d,f | < 0.001 |
Sleep (hours/night) | 7.0 (1.0)a | 7.0 (1.5)b | 7.0 (1.5)c | 7.0 (1.5)d | 7.5 (1.0)a,b,c,d,e | 7.0 (2.0)e,f | 7.0 (1.5)e,g | 6.0 (0.5)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h | 7.0 (2.0)e,h | 7.0 (2.0)e,h | < 0.001 |
Environmental factors | |||||||||||
 Urban region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Ghent region | 62 (19.7) | 364 (26.0) | 170 (48.2) | 150 (30.2) | 148 (27.2) | 137 (38.1) | 71 (26.5) | 57 (23.4) | 256 (40.1) | 236 (34.9) | < 0.001 |
  Greater Paris | 67 (21.3) | 231 (16.5) | 59 (16.7) | 64 (12.9) | 86 (15.8) | 25 (6.9) | 40 (14.9) | 42 (17.3) | 63 (9.9) | 60 (8.9) | |
  Greater Budapest | 90 (28.6) | 219 (15.6) | 27 (7.6) | 77 (15.5) | 95 (17.4) | 44 (12.2) | 66 (24.6) | 50 (20.6) | 65 (10.2) | 91 (13.4) | |
  Randstad | 62 (19.6) | 393 (28.1) | 70 (19.8) | 137 (27.5) | 153 (28.1) | 115 (31.9) | 66 (24.6) | 62 (25.5) | 162 (25.4) | 192 (28.4) | |
  Greater London | 34 (10.8) | 193 (13.8) | 27 (7.7) | 69 (13.9) | 63 (11.5) | 39 (10.9) | 25 (9.4) | 32 (13.2) | 92 (14.4) | 97 (14.4) | |
 Neighborhood type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  HSES/HRD | 92 (29.5) | 378 (27.3) | 86 (24.9) | 109 (22.2) | 127 (23.4) | 86 (24.8) | 47 (17.7) | 54 (22.3) | 142 (22.9) | 148 (22.0) | < 0.001 |
  LSES/HRD | 69 (22.1) | 305 (22.1) | 64 (18.4) | 133 (27.0) | 114 (21.0) | 96 (27.6) | 75 (28.3) | 50 (20.7) | 165 (26.7) | 159 (23.6) | |
  HSES/LRD | 72 (23.1) | 381 (27.5) | 100 (28.8) | 118 (24.0) | 154 (28.4) | 77 (22.2) | 54 (20.4) | 71 (29.3) | 129 (20.8) | 169 (25.1) | |
  LSES/LRD | 79 (25.3) | 319 (23.1) | 97 (28.0) | 132 (26.8) | 148 (27.2) | 88 (25.4) | 89 (33.6) | 67 (27.7) | 183 (29.6) | 197 (29.3) | |
 Residential density neighborhood |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Low | 151 (48.4) | 700 (50.6) | 197 (56.8) | 250 (50.8) | 302 (55.6) | 165 (47.5) | 143 (54.0) | 138 (57.0) | 312 (50.4) | 366 (54.4) | 0.054 |
  High | 161 (51.6) | 683 (49.4) | 150 (43.2) | 242 (49.2) | 241 (44.4) | 182 (52.5) | 122 (46.0) | 104 (43.0) | 307 (49.6) | 307 (45.6) | |
 SES neighborhood |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Low | 148 (47.4) | 624 (45.1) | 161 (46.4) | 265 (53.9) | 262 (48.2) | 184 (53.0) | 164 (61.9) | 117 (48.3) | 348 (56.2) | 356 (52.9) | < 0.001 |
  High | 164 (52.6) | 759 (54.9) | 186 (53.6) | 227 (46.1) | 281 (51.8) | 163 (47.0) | 101 (38.1) | 125 (51.7) | 271 (43.8) | 317 (47.1) | |
 Neighborhood cluster |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Green neighb. with LRD | 147 (53.1) | 752 (62.1) | 224 (70.2) | 295 (68.6) | 307 (63.7) | 215 (68.5) | 160 (68.7) | 128 (62.5) | 374 (68.4) | 420 (70.1) | < 0.001 |
  Neighb. supportive of active mobility | 80 (28.8) | 325 (26.8) | 66 (20.7) | 94 (21.9) | 127 (26.4) | 76 (24.2) | 52 (22.3) | 55 (26.8) | 135 (24.7) | 140 (23.4) | |
  HRD neighb. with food and recreational facilities | 29 (10.5) | 86 (7.1) | 9 (2.8) | 23 (5.3) | 29 (6.0) | 17 (5.4) | 6 (2.6) | 15 (7.3) | 26 (4.7) | 25 (4.2) | |
  HRD neighb. with low level of aesthetics | 21 (7.6) | 49 (4.0) | 20 (6.3) | 18 (4.2) | 19 (3.9) | 6 (1.9) | 15 (6.4) | 7 (3.4) | 12 (2.2) | 14 (2.3) |