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Table 2 Profiles of the subgroups identified by recursive partitioning analysis (CART) in the SPOTLIGHT study

From: Lifestyle correlates of overweight in adults: a hierarchical approach (the SPOTLIGHT project)

N = 5295, n (%) or median (IQR)

Subgroup 1

n = 315 (5.9)

Subgroup 2

n = 1400 (26.4)

Subgroup 3

n = 353 (6.7)

Subgroup 4

n = 497 (9.4)

Subgroup 5

n = 545 (10.3)

Subgroup 6

n = 360 (6.8)

Subgroup 7

n = 268 (5.1)

Subgroup 8

n = 243 (4.6)

Subgroup 9

n = 638 (12.0)

Subgroup 10

n = 676 (12.8)

p †

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Gender

           

  Male

133 (42.5)

550 (39.5)

122 (34.8)

201 (40.5)

251 (46.5)

165 (46.3)

121 (45.3)

136 (57.1)

242 (38.7)

395 (59.2)

< 0.001

  Female

180 (57.5)

842 (60.5)

229 (65.2)

295 (59.5)

289 (53.5)

191 (53.7)

146 (54.7)

102 (42.9)

384 (61.3)

272 (40.8)

 Age (in years)

38.0 (20.0)a

47.0 (24.0)a,b

49.0 (25.5)a,c

52.0 (27.0)a,b,d

51.5 (25.0)a,b,e

60.5 (22.0)a,b,c,d,e,f

45.0 (21.0)a,d,e,f,g

53.0 (24.0)a,b,g,h

57.0 (24.0)a,b,c,d,g,i

63.0 (18.0)a,b,c,d,e,g,h,i

< 0.001

  Education

           

   High level

243 (78.4)

893 (65.3)

209 (60.6)

251 (51.3)

344 (63.9)

134 (37.6)

128 (50.2)

139 (58.4)

228 (36.1)

235 (35.5)

< 0.001

   Low level

67 (21.6)

474 (34.7)

136 (39.4)

238 (48.7)

194 (36.1)

222 (62.4)

127 (49.8)

99 (41.6)

403 (63.9)

427 (64.5)

Overweight

63 (20.0)

482 (34.4)

148 (41.9)

220 (44.3)

243 (44.6)

170 (47.2)

146 (54.5)

142 (58.4)

377 (59.1)

442 (65.4)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

22.3 (4.0)a

23.5 (4.9)a,b

24.0 (5.1)a,c

24.5 (5.4)a,b,d

24.6 (4.9)a,b,e

24.7 (5.3)a,b,f

25.3 (5.2)a,b,c,e,g

25.5 (6.0)a,b,c,d,e

25.8 (6.1)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h

26.7 (5.5)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h

< 0.001

Lifestyle-related behaviors

 Tobacco smoke status

           

  No smoker

262 (83.4)

1 189 (85.7)

279 (79.7)

403 (81.9)

0

263 (74.7)

194 (74.3)

0

459 (73.2)

0

< 0.001

  Former

0

0

0

0

545 (100)

0

0

243 (100)

0

676 (100)

  Current

52 (16.6)

198 (14.3)

71 (20.3)

89 (18.1)

0

89 (25.3)

67 (25.7)

0

168 (26.8)

0

 Physical activity

           

  Transport-related physical activity (min/d)

26.0 (53.0)a

29.0 (52.0)b

13.0 (40.0)a,b,c

26.0 (53.0)c,d

26.0 (55.0)c,e

77.0 (94.0)a,b,c,d,e,f

9.0 (30.0)a,b,d,e,f,g

20.0 (51.0)c,f,g,h

19.0 (51.0)b,c,f,g,i

36.0 (93.0)b,c,e,f,g,h,i

< 0.001

  Leisure-time physical activity (min/d)

26.0 (40.0)a

36.0 (39.0)a,b

0 (4.0)a,b,c

26.0 (45.0)b,c,d

26.0 (42.0)b,c,e

86.0 (60.0)a,b,c,d,e,f

0 (4.0)a,b,d,e,f,g

17.0 (53.0)b,c,f,g,h

9.0 (20.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i

26.0 (54.0)b,c,d,f,g,i

< 0.001

 Domain-specific sedentary behaviors

           

  Television time (min/d)

0 (13.0)a

94.0 (60.0)a,b

90.0 (60.0)a,c

167.0 (26.0)a,b,c,d

94.0 (60.0)a,d,e

257.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,f

94.0 (60.0)a,d,f,g

86.5 (64.0)a,d,f,h

257.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,g,h,i

219.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,i

< 0.001

  Computer time (min/d)

77.0 (136.5)a

91.2 (89.3)a,b

60.0 (90.0)a,c

77.0 (94.0)b,c,d

60.0 (81.0)a,e

129.0 (14.6)a,b,c,d,e,f

77.0 (98.0) b,c,e,f,g

77.0 (73.5)b,c,e,f,h

120.0 (146.0)a,b,c,d,e,g,h

103.0 (120.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h

< 0.001

  Other leisure sitting time (min/d)

77.0 (106.0)a

69.0 (93.0)a

51.0 (90.0)a,b,c

60.0 (129.0)c,d

69.0 (94.10)c,d,e

94.0 (158.5)a,b,c,d,e,f

51.0 (120.0)a,b,e,f

60.0 (107.0)f

63.0 (146.0)c,f

60.0 (146.0)b,c,f

< 0.001

  Transport-related sitting time (min/d)

60.0 (76.0)a

60.0 (68.0)b

50.0 (60.0)b,c

60.0 (67.0)c

53.0 (62.0)e

77.0 (103.0)a,b,c,d,e

60.0 (59.0)e,f

60.0 (73.0)c

61.0 (90.0)c,d

93.8 (102.1)b,c,d,f

< 0.001

 Eating habits

           

  Fruit intake (times per week)

7.0 (10.0)a

7.0 (3.0)b

7.0 (3.0)c

7.0 (3.0)b,d

7.0 (3.0)e

7.0 (3.0)f

4.0 (5.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g

7.0 (3.0)g,h

6.0 (4.0)a,b,c,e,f,g,h,i

7.0 (3.0)g,i

< 0.001

  Vegetable intake (times per week)

7.0 (2.0)a

7.0 (1.0)b

7.0 (0)a,b,c

7.0 (2.0)a,c,d

7.0 (1.0)c,e

7.0 (2.0)a,b,c,e,f

5.0 (3.0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g

7.0 (2.0)c,g,h

7.0 (2.0)a,b,c,e,g,h,i

7.0 (2.0)a,b,c,g,i

< 0.001

  Fish intake (times per week)

0.5 (1.5)a

0.5 (1.5)b

0.5 (1.5)c

0.5 (1.5)d

0.5 (1.5)e

0.5 (1.5)f

0.5 (0)a,b,c,d,e,f,g

0.5 (1.5)g

0.5 (1.5)b,f,g

0.5 (1.5)g

< 0.001

  Fast-food intake (times per week)

0.5 (0)

0.5 (0)a

0.5 (0)b

0.5 (0)c

0.5 (0)d

0.5 (0)

0.5 (0)a,b,c,d

0.5 (0)e

0.5 (0)

0.5 (0)e

0.001

  Sweets intake (times per week)

3.0 (5.5)

3.0 (5.5)

3.0 (6.5)

3.0 (4.5)

3.0 (4.5)a

3.0 (5.5)

3.0 (4.5)

3.0 (5.5)

3.0 (4.5)a,b

3.0 (5.5)b

0.038

  Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (times per week)

0.5 (4.5)a

2.0 (4.5)b

2.0 (6.5)c

2.0 (6.5)a,d

0.5 (3.5)c,d,e

2.0 (6.5)e

2.0 (6.5)a,e,f

2.0 (4.5)f,g

3.0 (6.5)a,b, d,e,g,h

2.0 (6.5)h

< 0.001

  Alcohol consumption (times per week)

2.0 (4.5)a

2.0 (4.5)b

2.0 (4.5)c

2.0 (4.5)d

4.0 (6.5)a,b,c,d,e

2.5 (5.5)d

0.5 (4.5)e,f

4.0 (6.5)a,b,c,d

2.0 (5.5)e,g

3.0 (6.5)a,b,c,d,f

< 0.001

Sleep (hours/night)

7.0 (1.0)a

7.0 (1.5)b

7.0 (1.5)c

7.0 (1.5)d

7.5 (1.0)a,b,c,d,e

7.0 (2.0)e,f

7.0 (1.5)e,g

6.0 (0.5)a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h

7.0 (2.0)e,h

7.0 (2.0)e,h

< 0.001

Environmental factors

 Urban region

           

  Ghent region

62 (19.7)

364 (26.0)

170 (48.2)

150 (30.2)

148 (27.2)

137 (38.1)

71 (26.5)

57 (23.4)

256 (40.1)

236 (34.9)

< 0.001

  Greater Paris

67 (21.3)

231 (16.5)

59 (16.7)

64 (12.9)

86 (15.8)

25 (6.9)

40 (14.9)

42 (17.3)

63 (9.9)

60 (8.9)

  Greater Budapest

90 (28.6)

219 (15.6)

27 (7.6)

77 (15.5)

95 (17.4)

44 (12.2)

66 (24.6)

50 (20.6)

65 (10.2)

91 (13.4)

  Randstad

62 (19.6)

393 (28.1)

70 (19.8)

137 (27.5)

153 (28.1)

115 (31.9)

66 (24.6)

62 (25.5)

162 (25.4)

192 (28.4)

  Greater London

34 (10.8)

193 (13.8)

27 (7.7)

69 (13.9)

63 (11.5)

39 (10.9)

25 (9.4)

32 (13.2)

92 (14.4)

97 (14.4)

 Neighborhood type

           

  HSES/HRD

92 (29.5)

378 (27.3)

86 (24.9)

109 (22.2)

127 (23.4)

86 (24.8)

47 (17.7)

54 (22.3)

142 (22.9)

148 (22.0)

< 0.001

  LSES/HRD

69 (22.1)

305 (22.1)

64 (18.4)

133 (27.0)

114 (21.0)

96 (27.6)

75 (28.3)

50 (20.7)

165 (26.7)

159 (23.6)

  HSES/LRD

72 (23.1)

381 (27.5)

100 (28.8)

118 (24.0)

154 (28.4)

77 (22.2)

54 (20.4)

71 (29.3)

129 (20.8)

169 (25.1)

  LSES/LRD

79 (25.3)

319 (23.1)

97 (28.0)

132 (26.8)

148 (27.2)

88 (25.4)

89 (33.6)

67 (27.7)

183 (29.6)

197 (29.3)

 Residential density neighborhood

           

  Low

151 (48.4)

700 (50.6)

197 (56.8)

250 (50.8)

302 (55.6)

165 (47.5)

143 (54.0)

138 (57.0)

312 (50.4)

366 (54.4)

0.054

  High

161 (51.6)

683 (49.4)

150 (43.2)

242 (49.2)

241 (44.4)

182 (52.5)

122 (46.0)

104 (43.0)

307 (49.6)

307 (45.6)

 SES neighborhood

           

  Low

148 (47.4)

624 (45.1)

161 (46.4)

265 (53.9)

262 (48.2)

184 (53.0)

164 (61.9)

117 (48.3)

348 (56.2)

356 (52.9)

< 0.001

  High

164 (52.6)

759 (54.9)

186 (53.6)

227 (46.1)

281 (51.8)

163 (47.0)

101 (38.1)

125 (51.7)

271 (43.8)

317 (47.1)

 Neighborhood cluster

           

  Green neighb. with LRD

147 (53.1)

752 (62.1)

224 (70.2)

295 (68.6)

307 (63.7)

215 (68.5)

160 (68.7)

128 (62.5)

374 (68.4)

420 (70.1)

< 0.001

  Neighb. supportive of active mobility

80 (28.8)

325 (26.8)

66 (20.7)

94 (21.9)

127 (26.4)

76 (24.2)

52 (22.3)

55 (26.8)

135 (24.7)

140 (23.4)

  HRD neighb. with food and recreational facilities

29 (10.5)

86 (7.1)

9 (2.8)

23 (5.3)

29 (6.0)

17 (5.4)

6 (2.6)

15 (7.3)

26 (4.7)

25 (4.2)

  HRD neighb. with low level of aesthetics

21 (7.6)

49 (4.0)

20 (6.3)

18 (4.2)

19 (3.9)

6 (1.9)

15 (6.4)

7 (3.4)

12 (2.2)

14 (2.3)

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, H- high-, IQR interquartile range, L- low-, neighb. neighborhood, RD residential density, SES socio-economic status
  2. † p-value from Chi-square test or Kruskal-Wallis
  3. a-i: refer to pairwise comparisons (p-value of Dunn’s test with Bonferroni adjustment < 0.05)
  4. Boldface indicates statistical significance