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Table 2 Phase 8-field testing results of the HOP-Up physical activity environment questionnaire: researcher and parent scores and intraclass correlations (ICCs)

From: Validity and reliability of HOP-Up: a questionnaire to evaluate physical activity environments in homes with preschool-aged children

SECTION

Scale, Subscale, Item

Researcher Score

Parent Score

Parent Re-test

ICCs

ICCs

Cronbach’s α

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Parent vs Researcher

Parent vs Re-test

Parent Re-test

N = 50

N = 50

N = 48

   

Physical Activity Environment Inside the Home

 Availability of Space & Supports Inside the Home

     

0.66

  My child has plenty of room for active play inside our home.a

4.06 ± 1.15

3.96 ± 1.03

3.94 ± 0.78

0.34

0.79

 

  My child has enough space inside our home to do somersaults and cartwheels without hitting furniture or walls.a

3.74 ± 1.17

3.54 ± 1.28

3.85 ± 1.13

0.47

0.79

 

  My child has plenty of toys for active play that can be used indoors to help build muscles. These are toys like balls, tricycles, and scooters.a

3.66 ± 1.24

3.98 ± 1.12

3.75 ± 1.02†

0.31

0.85

 

  My child has video games that help the child be active. These are video games played standing up and require lots of moving like Wii Fit, Xbox Kinect.a

2.40 ± 1.63

3.00 ± 1.51

2.85 ± 1.44

0.59

0.90

 

  My child has siblings or friends that live nearby to play with indoors. a

§

4.42 ± 0.96

4.19 ± 1.00

--

0.68

 

Accessibility Inside the Home

 

  I put limits on the amount of time my child can have active play indoors.$a

§

3.44 ± 1.35

3.42 ± 1.11

---

0.78

0.46

  It’s easy for my child to actively play indoors without my help.a

§

4.23 ± 0.95

4.17 ± 0.78

--

0.54

 

  Indoor equipment for active play is stored where it is easy for my child to see and reach.a

4.84 ± 0.42

4.38 ± 0.75*

4.19 ± 0.76

0.29

0.45

 

Frequency of Inside Active Play Inside the Home

     

0.71

  How often does your child usually play actively inside your home?b

§

4.35 ± 1.00

4.21 ± 1.03

--

0.76

 

  How often does your child play actively indoors with toys that help build muscles?b These are toys like balls, tricycles, scooters.

§

3.48 ± 1.37

3.25 ± 1.38

--

0.70

 

  How often does your child play actively indoors with siblings or kids that live nearby?b

§

3.71 ± 1.43

3.71 ± 1.44

--

0.81

 

Physical Activity Environment Outside the Home (Yard) c

Availability of Space & Supports Outside (Yard)

     

0.82

  The yard or area outside our home has plenty of room for my child to actively play games like tag or chase.a

4.90 ± 0.37

4.73 ± 0.59

4.68 ± 0.52

0.81

0.64

 

  There is a paved or flat area in the yard or area outside our home that is big enough for my child to safely ride a tricycle, bike, scooter, or other wheeled toy.a

4.65 ± 1.00

4.66 ± 0.61

4.61 ± 0.69

0.74

0.45

 

  Think about the size of parking spaces at the shopping mall. Now, think about all the areas outside your home where you would allow your child to play actively—include grassy, paved, or other areas. If those areas became a parking lot, about how many parking spaces would there be?d

4.65 ± 0.91

4.50 ± 1.03

4.53 ± 0.97

0.22

0.92

 

  The yard or area outside our home has plenty of swings, slides, or other active play equipment my child can use.a

2.98 ± 1.68

3.73 ± 1.45*

3.95 ± 1.31†

0.85

0.93

 

  My child has plenty of toys for playing actively outside, like balls, jump ropes, skates, swimming or kiddie pool, hula hoops, or sleds.a

3.52 ± 1.35

4.43 ± 1.02*

4.45 ± 0.85

0.62

0.80

 

  My child has a tricycle, bike, scooter, or other wheeled toy to use outside.a

4.75 ± 0.86

4.64 ± 0.81

4.55 ± 0.82

0.86

0.95

 

  My child has shoes and clothes for playing actively outside.a

4.96 ± 0.20

4.66 ± 0.89*

4.68 ± 0.71

0.31

0.84

 

 Accessibility Outside (Yard)

     

0.51

  I often limit my child’s active play in the yard or area right outside our home.*$a

§

3.45 ± 1.32

3.14 ± 1.36

---

0.60

 

  It’s easy for my child to see and reach toys for playing actively outside.a

4.23 ± 1.15

4.13 ± 1.10

4.36 ± 0.87

0.30

0.81

 

  It’s easy for my child to actively play in the yard or area right outside our home without my help.a

§

3.91 ± 1.33

4.02 ± 1.11

--

0.80

 

Frequency of Outside (Yard) Home Play

     

  How often does your child go on walks with the dog or play with it outside (doing things like throwing balls)?e

§

1.56 ± 1.17

1.52 ± 1.09

---

0.95

 

  When the weather is good, how often does your child usually play actively in the yard or area outside your home?b

§

4.11 ± 1.13

3.98 ± 1.13

---

0.88

 

Physical Activity Environment in the Neighborhood

 Availability of Space & Supports in the Neighborhood

     

0.66

  There are outdoor areas, like parks, pools, and playgrounds, nearby my home where kids can play actively.f

4.16 ± 0.68

4.46 ± 0.93

4.29 ± 0.97†

0.52

0.92

 

  There are free or low-cost recreation centers or other indoor places where kids can play actively.f

3.94 ± 1.51

3.49 ± 1.40*

3.25 ± 1.35

0.81

0.81

 

  The outdoor areas in my neighborhood have plenty of swing sets, slides, or other play equipment my child can use.f

4.26 ± 1.16

4.19 ± 1.23

4.15 ± 1.05

0.69

0.87

 

Neighborhood Access & Safety

     

0.53

  There is so much traffic near where I live that I do not feel safe walking in the area.$a

4.16 ± 1.08

4.13 ± 0.94

4.15 ± 0.74

0.62

0.75

 

  I feel safe from crime in my neighborhood and nearby.a

4.28 ± 1.18

4.00 ± 1.05

4.13 ± 0.89

0.57

0.53

 

  I feel safe from biting insects, like mosquitos, ticks, and scorpions, and animals, like dogs running loose, in my neighborhood and nearby.a

§

3.13 ± 1.24g

3.13 ± 1.17

---

0.78

 

  The outdoor areas in my neighborhood where my child can play actively are safe.a

4.34 ± 0.96

4.35 ± 0.73

4.21 ± 0.82

0.48

0.81

 

  The outdoor areas in my neighborhood where my child can play actively are clean.a

4.50 ± 0.81

4.23 ± 0.88

4.17 ± 0.83

0.62

0.76

 

  The outdoor areas in my neighborhood where my child can play actively are crowded with other people.f

§

2.14 ± 0.90h

2.34 ± 1.01

---

0.55

 

  In my neighborhood, it’s easy to get to outdoor areas where kids can play actively.f

4.50 ± 0.74

4.33 ± 0.78

4.27 ± 0.61

0.54

0.42

 

Frequency of Neighborhood Active Play

     

0.73

  When the weather is good, how often does your child usually play actively in outdoor areas, like parks, pools, and playgrounds, near your home?b

§

3.44 ± 1.30

3.19 ± 1.25

---

0.79

 

  How often does your child usually play actively in free or low-cost recreation centers or other indoor places near your home?b

§

1.77 ± 0.83

1.73 ± 0.87

---

0.76

 
  1. *Researcher score significantly different from parent score (P < .05) using independent t-tests
  2. †Parent score significantly different from parent re-test (P < .05) using paired t-tests
  3. § Item could not be observed by researchers and thus could not be included in the criterion validity assessment
  4. $ Reverse score item
  5. ¶ Too few families (n = 13) report having a dog, making intraclass correlations inappropriate
  6. aAnswer choices: Strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree, agree, strongly agree; score = 1 to 5, respectively
  7. bAnswer choices: Almost never, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, 5–6 times/week, every day; score = 1 to 5, respectively
  8. cThe sample size for the Physical Activity Environment Outside the Home (Yard) items was 48 for researcher, 48 for parent, and 44 for parent retest because 2 individuals did not have space outside their home and 4 did not take the survey online
  9. dAnswer choices: 0 to 2 = 1, 3 to 4 = 2, 5 to 6 = 3, 7 to 8 = 4, ≥9 = 5
  10. eAnswer choice: 1 = No dog or Almost never walk/play with dog, 2 = 1 or 2 times a week walk/play with dog, 3 = 3 to 4 times a week walk/play with dog, 4 = 5 to 6 times a week walk/play with dog, 5 = Every day walk/play with dog)
  11. fAnswer choices: Strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree, agree, strongly agree, don’t know; score = 1 to 5, respectively and items with “don’t know” answers were omitted from score
  12. g n = 47 because 1 parent did not respond to this item at the home visit 1 and another 2 parents did not complete the survey online (retest)
  13. h n = 44 because this item was added after completing 4 home visits and 2 parents did not complete the online survey (retest)