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Table 1 Methodological characteristics of the included studies

From: Cross-continental comparison of the association between the physical environment and active transportation in children: a systematic review

 

Quality score

Study design

Sample size

Geographic area

PA measurement

Environment

  

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal

n ≤ 150

150 < n ≤ 500

500 < n ≤ 1000

n > 1000

North America

Europe

Australia

Asia

Parental report

Children’s report

Observation

Parental report

Children’s report

GIS/census

Audit data

School principal’s report

Aarts et al. [64]

86.4

x

    

x

 

x

  

x

  

x

    

Alton et al. [65]

90.9

x

  

x

   

x

   

x

 

x

x

   

Braza et al. [32]

72.7

x

    

x

x

    

x

   

x

  

Bringolf-Isler et al. [66]

90.9

x

    

x

 

x

  

x

  

x

 

x

  

Carson et al. [16]

86.4

x

    

x

x

   

x

  

x

    

Carver et al. [79]

86.4

x

  

x

    

x

 

x

    

x

  

Carver et al. [31]

95.5

 

x

 

x

    

x

 

x

    

x

  

Chillon et al. [33]

86.4

x

    

x

x

    

x

 

x

  

x

 

Christiansen et al. [67]

90.9

x

    

x

 

x

   

x

  

x

x

  

Curreiro et al. [34]

81.8

x

  

x

  

x

    

x

 

x

x

x

x

 

Cutumisu et al. [35]

86.4

x

   

x

 

x

   

x

  

x

x

   

de Vries et al. [15]

90.9

x

  

x

   

x

  

x

x

    

x

 

DeWeese et al. [36]

90.9

x

   

x

 

x

   

x

  

x

    

D’Haese et al. [68]

95.5

x

   

x

  

x

  

x

  

x

    

D'Haese et al. [69]

95.5

x

  

x

   

x

  

x

    

x

  

Ducheyne et al. [70]

95.5

x

   

x

  

x

  

x

  

x

    

Durand et al. [37]

95.5

x

  

x

  

x

    

x

 

x

    

Frank et al. [38]

90.9

x

   

x

 

x

   

x

    

x

  

Gallimore et al. [39]

68.2

x

 

?

?

?

?

x

   

?

?

    

x

 

Giles-Corti et al. [80]

90.9

x

    

x

  

x

 

x

    

x

  

He [40]

81.8

x

    

x

x

    

x

   

x

  

Hsu and Saphores, [41]

81.8

x

   

x

 

x

   

?

?

 

x

    

Hume et al. [30]

95.5

 

x

x

     

x

 

x

  

x

    

Johansson [71]

77.3

x

  

x

   

x

  

x

  

x

  

x

 

Kemperman and Timmermans [72]

81.8

x

    

x

 

x

  

x

x

   

x

  

Kerr et al. [42]

95.5

x

  

x

  

x

   

x

  

x

    

Kytta et al. [73]

90.9

x

   

x

  

x

   

x

   

x

  

Larouche et al. [44]

68.2

x

 

x

   

x

    

x

 

x

x

   

Larouche et al. [43]

95.5

x

   

x

 

x

    

x

   

x

 

x

Larsen et al. [45]

77.3

x

   

x

 

x

   

x

  

x

x

x

x

 

Lee et al. [46]

90.9

x

    

x

x

   

x

  

x

    

Leslie et al. [81]

86.4

x

    

x

  

x

  

x

  

x

   

Lin & Chang [89]

72.7

x

  

x

     

x

 

x

   

x

x

 

Lin & Yu [88]

77.3

x

  

x

     

x

 

x

   

x

  

Loucaides et al. [74]

81.8

x

  

x

   

x

   

x

  

x

   

Martin et al. [47]

95.5

x

    

x

x

   

x

   

x

   

McDonald [48]

77.3

x

   

x

 

x

   

x

    

x

  

McDonald [49]

86.4

x

    

x

x

   

x

    

x

  

McDonald [50]

86.4

x

    

x

x

   

x

    

x

  

McMillan [51]

81.8

x

 

?

?

?

 

x

   

x

  

x

  

x

 

Merom et al. [82]

86.4

x

   

x

   

x

 

x

  

x

    

Mitra et al. [54]

81.8

x

    

x

x

   

x

    

x

  

Mitra and Buliung [53]

86.4

x

    

x

x

   

x

    

x

  

Mitra and Buliung [52]

95.5

x

   

x

 

x

   

x

    

x

  

Noland et al. [55]

86.4

x

    

x

x

   

x

    

x

  

Napier et al. [56]

90.9

x

  

x

  

x

    

x

      

Oluyomi et al. [57]

90.9

x

   

x

 

x

   

x

  

x

x

   

Pabayo et al. [28]

95.5

 

x

  

x

 

x

   

x

  

x

    

Page et al. [75]

86.4

x

    

x

 

x

   

x

  

x

   

Panter et al. [77]

95.5

x

    

x

 

x

  

x

x

   

x

x

 

Panter et al. [76]

95.5

x

    

x

 

x

  

x

x

 

x

x

x

  

Panter et al. [29]

95.5

 

x

  

x

  

x

   

x

 

x

x

x

  

Rodriguez and Vogt [58]

86.4

x

    

x

x

    

x

  

x

   

Rosenberg et al. [23]

90.9

x

 

x

   

x

   

x

  

x

    

Rossen et al. [59]

95.5

x

  

x

  

x

    

x

  

x

 

x

 

Rothman et al. [60]

81.8

x

 

?

?

?

?

x

     

x

  

x

x

 

Salmon et al. [83]

95.5

x

  

x

    

x

 

x

  

x

    

Steinbach et al. [78]

77.3

x

    

x

 

x

   

x

   

x

  

Su et al. [61]

90.9

x

    

x

x

   

x

    

x

  

Timperio et al. [84]

95.5

x

   

x

   

x

 

x

  

x

x

   

Timperio et al. [85]

95.5

x

   

x

   

x

 

x

  

x

x

x

  

Trapp et al. [86]

90.9

x

    

x

  

x

  

x

 

x

x

x

  

Trapp et al. [87]

95.5

x

   

x

   

x

  

x

 

x

x

x

  

Zhu et al. [62]

86.4

x

    

x

x

   

x

  

x

    

Zhu & Lee [63]

86.4

x

    

x

x

   

x

  

x

    

Total

 

61

4

3

15

18

26

35

17

11

2

40

26

1

32

19

32

11

1