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Table 6 Estimates from linear generalized estimating equation models examining associations of time-varying body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) with time-varying food group intake frequencies (times/day)a

From: Trajectories of eating behaviors in a nationally representative cohort of U.S. adolescents during the transition to young adulthood

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Independent variables

βest (SE)

P

βest (SE)

P

βest (SE)

P

βest (SE)

P

Fruit and vegetables (times/day)

0.09 (0.06)

0.16

--

 

--

 

--

 

Whole grains (times/day)

--

 

0.14 (0.15)

0.35

--

 

--

 

Soda (times/day)

--

 

--

 

-0.15 (0.12)

0.23

--

 

Snacks (times/day)

--

 

--

 

--

 

-0.33 (0.12)

0.02

Wave (year)

0.49 (0.05)

<0.001

0.47 (0.05)

<0.001

0.48 (0.06)

<0.001

0.40 (0.07)

<0.001

Height (cm)

0.02 (0.02)

0.47

0.01 (0.02)

0.48

0.02 (0.02)

0.52

0.02 (0.02)

0.48

Sex (male=ref)

0.11 (0.52)

0.84

0.07 (0.54)

0.89

0.12 (0.58)

0.83

0.12 (0.58)

0.84

Race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White=ref)

  Non=Hispanic Black

2.22 (0.82)

0.01

2.36 (0.86)

0.01

2.53 (0.94)

0.01

2.69 (0.95)

0.009

  Hispanic

1.36 (0.57)

0.03

1.43 (0.59)

0.02

1.52 (0.60)

0.02

1.54 (0.61)

0.02

  Other

0.46 (0.69)

0.51

0.48 (0.69)

0.49

0.87 (0.80)

0.29

0.84 (0.80)

0.30

Family Affluence Scoreb

-0.22 (0.23)

0.33

-0.23 (0.23)

0.33

-0.24 (0.27)

0.37

-0.25 (0.26)

0.35

Parent education (<High school graduate=ref)

  High school graduate

0.26 (0.66)

0.70

0.27 (0.65)

0.68

0.38 (0.68)

0.58

0.41 (0.68)

0.55

  Some college

0.59 (0.65)

0.37

0.59 (0.65)

0.38

0.78 (0.71)

0.29

0.80 (0.70)

0.27

  Bachelor’s degree

-0.75 (0.83)

0.37

-0.78 (0.84)

0.36

-0.70 (0.88)

0.43

-0.65 (0.87)

0.46

  Graduate degree

0.05 (0.96)

0.96

0.03 (0.99)

0.98

0.24 (1.02)

0.82

0.27 (1.02)

0.79

Urbanicity (urban=ref)

  Suburban

1.27 (0.70)

0.08

1.26 (0.69)

0.08

1.46 (0.76)

0.07

1.48 (0.76)

0.06

  Rural

1.07 (0.58)

0.08

1.07 (0.57)

0.07

1.24 (0.64)

0.06

1.28 (0.64)

0.06

Vigorous physical activity (hours/week)

-0.13 (0.04)

0.006

-0.12 (0.04)

0.008

-0.15 (0.05)

0.006

-0.15 (0.05)

0.006

  1. aEach model examined associations of time-varying BMI outcome with a single food group, adjusted for wave, time-varying height and vigorous physical activity, and baseline sociodemographic characteristics
  2. bRanging from 0 (low affluence) to 7 (high affluence)