From: Childhood socioeconomic position and adult leisure-time physical activity: a systematic review
-1st author (year) | -Description | -Childhood socioeconomic indicator/sb | -Physical activity measurementc | QA scored |
---|---|---|---|---|
-Countrya (birth year/s) | -Age at physical activity assessment | -How these were ascertainedb | -Outcome/s of interestc | |
-Study name | -Sample size (% female) | |||
-Johnson (2011) [20] | -Scottish birth cohort. | -PO (main occupation), PE, I&O (number of people per room, shared toilet facilities, whether indoor/outdoor toilet). | -Level of physical activities such as household chores, keep-fit, heavy exercise and sport. | 3.5 |
-UK (1936) | -70 years. | -Physical activity six point score. | ||
-Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 | -1091 (49.8 %). | -Recalled by SM at age 70. | ||
-Lawlor (2004) [21] | -Cross-section of women recruited from GP lists in 23 British towns. | -PO (longest held occupation). | -Hours per week spent on several types of domestic, recreational and sports activities. | 4 |
-UK (1921–40) | -60–79 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 60–79. | -Physically inactive (<1 h/week. of moderate or vigorous physical activity). | |
-British Women’s Heart & Health Study (BWHHS) | -3444 (100 %). | |||
-Hillsdon (2008) [22] | -Cross-section of women recruited from GP lists in 23 British towns. | -PO (longest held occupation), I&O (house with bathroom; hot water; shared bedroom, car access, and an index of all the above). | -Hours per week spent on several types of domestic, recreational and sports activities. | 5 |
-UK (1921–40) | -60–79 years. | -Moderate to vigorous physical activity hours/week. | ||
-BWHHS | -4103 (100 %). | -Recalled by SM at age 60–79. | ||
-Watt (2009) [23] | -Cross-section of women recruited from GP lists in 23 British towns. | -PO (longest held occupation), I&O (house with bathroom; hot water; shared bedroom, car access, and an index of all the above). | -Hours per week spent on several types of domestic, recreational and sports activities. | 4.5 |
-UK (1921–40) | -60–79 years. | -Low exercise (<2 h/week. of moderate or vigorous physical activity). | ||
-BWHHS | -3523 (100 %) | -Recalled by SM at age 60–79. | ||
-Ramsay (2009) [24] | -Cross-section of men recruited from GP lists in 24 British towns. | -PO (longest held occupation). | -Hours per week spent on several types of physical activities including walking, cycling and sports. | 2.5 |
-UK (1920s-30s) | -52–74 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 52–74. | ||
-British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) | -5188 (0 %). | -Physically inactive (none or occasional physical activity). | ||
-Wannamethee (1996) [25] | -Cross-section of men recruited from GP lists in 24 British towns. | -PO (longest held occupation). | -No description (reference provided). | 5 |
-UK (1920s-30s) | -40–59 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 52–74. | -Physically active. | |
-BRHS | -2188 (0 %). | |||
-Stringhini (2013) [26] | -Cohort of civil servants employed in London. | -PO (main occupation). | -Hours per week spent on moderate and vigorous physical activities. | 2 |
-UK (1930–53) | -40–59 years (phase 3). | -Recalled by SM at age 35–55. | -Physically inactive (≤1 h/week. of moderate and ≤1 h/week. of vigorous physical activity). | |
-Whitehall II (WHII) Study | -6387 (28.5 %). | |||
-Heraclides (2008) [27] | -Cohort of civil servants employed in London. | -PO (main occupation). | -Hours per week spent on several types of domestic, recreational and sports activities. | 3.5 |
-UK (1930–53) | -44–69 years (phase 5). | -Recalled by SM at age 35–55. | -Sedentary lifestyle (low quintile of MET score). | |
-WHII Study | -4598 (26.8 %). | |||
-Brunner (1999) [28] | -Cohort of civil servants employed in London. | -PO (main occupation). | -Hours per week spent on several types of domestic, recreational and sports activities. | 3.5 |
-UK (1930–53) | -35–55 years (phase 1). | -Recalled by SM at age 35–55. | -Physically inactive (no moderate or vigorous activities). | |
-WHII study | -6980 (31.6 %). | |||
-Blane (1996) [29] | -Cross-section of men employed in 27 Scottish work places. | -PO (main occupation). | -Hours per week spent on exercise outside work including walking, gardening and golfing. | 3 |
-UK (1908–37) | -35–64 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 35–64. | ||
-West of Scotland Collaborative Study | -5645 (0 %). | -Exercise hours/week. | ||
-Hart (1998) [30] | -Cross-section of men employed in 27 Scottish work places. | -PO (main occupation). | -Hours per week spent on exercise outside work including walking, gardening and golfing. | 2.5 |
-UK (1908–37) | -35–64 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 35–64. | ||
-West of Scotland Collaborative Study | -5567 (0 %). | -Exercise hours/week. | ||
-Popham (2010) [31] | -Cross-section of Scottish residents. | -PO (when SM was aged 14) | -Frequency of several types sports and exercises during previous 4 weeks. | 2.5 |
-UK (1949–68) | -35–54 Years. | -Recalled by SM at age 35–54. | -Sport and exercise (participated ≥ once in sport/exercise at moderate/high intensity for ≥15 min/day). | |
-2003 Scottish Health Survey | -2770 (% unknown). | |||
-Hart (2008) [32] | -Cross-section of the 1970s Renfrew/Paisley Study offspring. | -PO. | -Frequency of daily activity and physical activity outside work. | 5.5 |
-UK (1937–66) | -30–59 years. | -Reported by parents (SM was aged 6–39). | -No exercise (not very/at all active in daily activities and active for < once/week. or never outside of work). | |
-Mid span family Study | -2338 (55.5 %). | |||
-Silverwood (2012) [33] | -British birth cohort. | -PO, PE. | -Latent classes for a) walking during work and pleasure b) cycling during work and pleasure and c) LTPA. | 5.5 |
-UK (1946) | -36–53 years. | -Reported by parents (SM was aged 4 and 6). | ||
-MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) | -3847 (49.6 %). | -LTPA (low, gardening & DIY, sports), walking, cycling (low, high). | ||
-Kuh & Cooper (1992) [34] | -British birth cohort. | -PO, PE. | -Frequency of several types of sports and recreational activities during previous month. | 7 |
-UK (1946) | -36 years. | -Reported by parents (SM was aged 4 and 6). | -High participation in sport and recreational activities. | |
-MRC NSHD | -2144 (50.3 %). | |||
-Pinto Pereira (2014) [35] | -British birth cohort. | -PO, PE, I&O (index of household amenities: availability of bathroom, indoor lavatory and hot water). | -Frequency of LTPA such as swimming, going for walks. | 6 |
-UK (1958) | -33, 42, 50 years. | -Low LTPA (< once/week). | ||
-National Child Development Study 1958 (NCDS) | -12,776 had ≥ one measure of LTPA. | -Reported by parents at SM’s birth and when aged 7, 11 and 16. | ||
-Cheng & Furnham (2013) [36] | -British birth cohort. | -PO (current or last held occupation). | -Frequency of physical exercise. | 3 |
-UK (1958) | -50 years. | -Reported by parent at SM’s birth. | -Exercise score (6-point scale). | |
-NCDS | -5921 (49.4 %). | |||
-Juneau (2014) [37] | -British birth cohort. | -PO. | -Frequency of LTPA during the previous 8 weeks. | 5 |
-UK (1970) | -34 years. | -Reported by parents at SM’s birth and when aged 5 and 10 years. | -Estimated LTPA energy expenditure. | |
-1970 British Cohort Study | -9624 (52.2 %). | |||
-Osler (2008) [38] | -Danish birth cohort of men from Copenhagen. | -PO. | -Frequency of walking, running, cycling and other activities. | 6.5 |
-Denmark (1953) | -51 years. | -Extracted from birth records. | -Sedentary leisure activity (mainly reading, watching TV or having other sedentary activities during leisure). | |
-Metropolit Birth Cohort | -6292 (0 %). | |||
-Lynch (1997) [39] | -Cross-section of men from Eastern Finland. | -I&O (index of PO, PE, whether family perceived as wealthy, whether family lived on a farm and size of farm). | -Energy expended in LTPA during the previous 12 months, e.g. jogging, swimming, cycling, skiing. | 2.5 |
-Finland (1920s-40s) | -42–60 years. | |||
-Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study | -2682 (0 %). | -Recalled by SM at age 42–60. | -(i) No conditioning activities, (ii) low quartile of conditioning activities. | |
-Kvaavik (2011) [40] | -Follow-up of Oslo students invited to a health education intervention. | -PE. | -‘How often do you exercise for at least half an hour to the extent that you sweat and/or are short of breath?’ | 6 |
-Norway (1964–8) | -25, 33, 40 years. | -Reported by parents (SM aged 11–16). | ||
-Oslo Youth Study | -240, 329, 407. | -LTPA (twice/week). | ||
-Jørgensen (2013) [41] | -Cohort of Danish women employed as social and health care assistants. | -PO (when SM was aged 14). | -Hours per week spent on LTPA. | 0.5 |
-Denmark (≈1971) | -35.4 years (SD = 10.5) | -Recalled by SM at age 35.4. | - Low LTPA (<4 h/week). | |
-Danish Health Care Worker Cohort | -1661 (100 %). | |||
-Barnekow-Bergkvist (1998) [42] | -Follow-up of Swedish students. | -PO. | -Hours per week spent on LTPA (includes sports, walking, and cycling) in the previous 12 months. | 3 |
-Sweden (1958) | -34 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 34. | ||
-LTPA MET hours/week. | ||||
-278 (43.5 %). | ||||
-Tammelin (2003) [43] | -Northern Finland birth cohort. | -PO. | -Frequency of light and brisk LTPA. | 5.5 |
-Finland (1966) | -31 years. | -Reported when SM aged 14. | -Physically inactive (brisk LTPA < once/week. and light LTPA <4 times/week). | |
-North Finland Birth Cohort 1966 | -7794 (53 %). | |||
-Makinen (2009) [44] | -Regionally stratified cross-section of Finnish adults. | -PO, PE, I&O (long-term financial problems in family, regular parental unemployment–both before age 16). | -How much do you exercise and strain yourself physically in leisure time?’ | 3.5 |
-Finland (1970 & older) | -30+ years. | -Inactive (read, watch TV or do other activities that do not strain me physically); moderately active (walk, cycle or move in other ways for at least 4 h/week). | ||
-Health 2000 Survey | -7112 (55.4 %). | -Recalled by SM at age 30+. | ||
-Wichstrøm (2013) [45] | -Follow-up of students from 67 Norwegian schools. | -PO. | -Hours spent on physical exercise during the previous week. | 4.5 |
-Norway (1973–80) | -25–32 years. | -Reported by SM at age 12–19. | -LTPA hours/week. | |
-Young in Norway Study | -2890–2923. | |||
-Leino (1999) [46] | -Follow-up of Finnish children and adolescents. | -PE. | -Frequency and duration of exercise used to form an LTPA index. | 4 |
-Finland (1962–71) | -21–30 years. | -Reported by SM at age 9–18. | -Physically inactive (≤25th percentile of LTPA index, range = 0–52). | |
-Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study | -432 (53.7 %). | |||
-Osler (2001) [47] | -Follow-up of CCHS offspring aged 6–18 at baseline. | -PE. | -Current level of participation in LTPA and whether active in sports. | 7 |
-Denmark (1961–73) | -19–31 years. | -Reported by parents (SM aged 6–18). | -Low LTPA (mostly sitting or light activity for ≥4 h/week. and not active in sports). | |
-Offspring of Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) | -317 (48.9 %). | Â | Â | |
-Peck (1994) [48] | -Cross-section of employed Swedes. | -PO (during SM’s childhood). | -Regular LTPA (no description). | 1.5 |
-Sweden (1900s-60s) | -16–74 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 16–74. | -No regular LTPA. | |
-12,695 (50.4 %). | ||||
-Regidor (2004) [49] | -Cross-section of an older Spanish population. | -PO. | -Type of physical activity done in spare time or at any time if retired/unemployed. | 4.5 |
-Spain (1940 & older) | -60+ years. | -Recalled by SM at age 60+. | -Physically inactive (only report sedentary activities e.g. reading, watching TV). | |
-3658 (54.6 %). | ||||
-Beunen (2004) [50] | -27-year follow-up of Flemish speaking adolescent Belgian boys. | -PO, PE, I&O (degree of urbanisation). | -Frequency of sports, other leisure-time activities and accelerometer counts of daily physical activity. | 5.5 |
-Belgium (1956) | -40 years. | -Reported by SM at age 14–18. | ||
-Leuven Longitudinal Study of Flemish Boys | -166 (0 %). | -Sport, leisure-time, & counts indices. | ||
-Scheerder (2006) [51] | -20-year follow up of Flemish speaking adolescent Belgian girls. | -I&O (index of PO and PE). | -Hours per week spent on sports during the previous year. | 6 |
-Belgium (1961–7) | -32–41 years. | -Reported by SM at age 12–18. | -Level of sports participation (hours/week./year). | |
-Leuven Longitudinal Study of Flemish Girls | -257 (100 %). | Â | Â | |
-Kamphuis (2013) [52] | -Cross-section of men living in or near Eindhoven. | -PO (when SM was aged 12). | -Hours per week spent on transport, leisure-time and sports related activities. | 2 |
-Netherlands (1916–51) | -40–75 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 40–75. | -Physically active (≥3.5 h/week. of sports and transport or leisure-time physical activity). | |
-GLOBE Study | -4894 (0 %) | |||
-van de Mheen (1998) [53] | -Cross-section of adults living in or near Eindhoven. | -PO (when SM was aged 11). | -Leisure-time physical exercise (no description). | 3.5 |
-Netherlands (1910s-60s) | -25–74 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 25–74. | -Frequent LTPA, and no LTPA. | |
-Longitudinal Study on Socio-Economic Health Differences | -13,854 (% unknown). | |||
-Pudrovska (2013) [54] | -Long-term follow-up of high school graduates from Wisconsin. | -I&O (index of PO, PE, family income, father’s occupational income and father’s occupational education). | -Hours per month spent on light (e.g. walking, gardening, golfing) and vigorous (e.g. aerobics, jogging, swimming) physical activities. | 6 |
-US (1939–40) | -65 years. | |||
-Wisconsin Longitudinal Study | -5778 (54.7 %). | -Reported when SM was aged 17–18. | -Physical activity index. | |
-Wray (2005) [55] | -Follow-up of middle aged and older US adults. | -PE. | -Whether or not SM is a vigorous exerciser. Includes heavy housework, cycling, aerobics, running, jogging, swimming and physical labour at work. | 5 |
-US (1941 & older). | -51–61 years (HRS); 70+ years (AHEAD). | -Recalled by SM at age 51–61 (HRS) and 70+ (AHEAD). | ||
-Health & Retirement Study (HRS); Study of Asset & Health Dynamics (AHEAD) | -HRS: 6106 (57 %); AHEAD: 3636 (63 %). | -Low physical activity (not exercising ≥3 times/week). | ||
-Bowen (2010) [56] | -Cohort of middle aged and older US adults. | -PO (main occupation), PE. | -Whether or not SM is a vigorous exerciser. Includes heavy housework, cycling, aerobics, running, jogging, swimming and physical labour at work. | 3 |
-US (1941 & older) | -51+ years. | -Recalled by SM at age 51+. | ||
-HRS merged with AHEAD and two other cohorts | -18,465 (60 %). | -Vigorous exercisers (≥3 times/week). | ||
-Carroll (2011) [57] | -Cross-section of Pennsylvanian adults recruited to a Hepatitis B vaccination project. | -I&O (index for every 2 years of childhood: whether parents owned home, number of a) bathrooms, b) people living in the home and c) vehicles owned). | -Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire (no description). | 1 |
-US (1950s-70s) | -Physical activity kilocalories expended per week. | |||
-Vaccination Immunity Project | -40–60 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 40–60. | ||
-153 (59.8 %). | ||||
-Frank (2003) [58] | -Cross-section of women physicians born in the US. | -PE. | -Exercise (no description). | 0.5 |
-US (1930–50) | -30–70 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 30–70. | -Exercising ≥30 min on 3 times per week. | |
-Women Physician Health Study | -2884 (100 %). | |||
-Tsenkova (2014) [59] | -Cross-section of US adults who participated in a biomarkers study. | -I&O (index of PE, childhood welfare status and financial level growing up). | -‘How often do you engage in vigorous physical activity long enough to work up a sweat (e.g. running/heavy lifting)?’ | 3 |
-US (1921–70) | -25–74 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 25–74. | ||
-Midlife in the US Study | -895 (54.6 %) | -Exercise sessions per month. | ||
-Kern (2010) [60] | -Long-term follow-up of Californian children with high IQ. | -I&O (index of PO and PE). | -Avocational activities and hobbies including sport, gardening, music, art, writing, photography. | 4.5 |
-US (1910s) | -25–61 years. | -Reported by parents (SM was aged 11). | ||
-Terman Life Cycle Study | -1114 (50 %). | -Average physical activity METs. | ||
-Phillips (2009) [61] | -Cross-section of Pennsylvanian adults without serious illnesses. | -PE. | -Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire (no description). | 2.5 |
-US (1940s-70s) | -30–54 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 30–54. | -Physical activity kilocalories expended per week. | |
-Adult Health and Behaviour Project | -811 (51.4 %). | Â | Â | |
-Schooling (2007) [62] | -Cross-section of Guangzhou community club members. | -I&O (number of parental possessions from a watch, sewing machine and bicycle during SM’s childhood). | -IPAQ used (no description). | 3 |
-China (1955 & older) | -50+ years. | -Inactive, minimally active, and HEPA (vigorous activity ≥3 days/week. at ≥1500 MET minutes/week, or activity 7 days/week. at ≥3000 MET minutes/week). | ||
-Guangzhou Bio-bank Cohort Study (GBCS) | -Recalled by SM at age 50+. | |||
-9748 (71.9 %). | ||||
-Elwell-Sutton (2011) [63] | -Cross-section of Guangzhou community club members. | -I&O (number of parental possessions from a watch, sewing machine and bicycle during SM’s childhood). | -IPAQ used (no description). | 3 |
-China (1955 & older) | -50+ years. | -Inactive, minimally active, and HEPA (vigorous activity ≥3 days/week. at ≥1500 MET minutes/week, or activity 7 days/week. at ≥3000 MET minutes/week). | ||
-GBCS | -Recalled by SM at age 50+. | |||
-20,086 (73.2 %). | ||||
-Gall (2010) [64] | -20-year follow-up of the Australian Schools Health & Fitness Survey. | -PE. | -Whether or not SM participated in ≥3 h of moderate/vigorous LTPA per week. | 4.5 |
-Australia (1970s) | -26–36 years. | -Recalled by SM at age 26–36. | -LTPA (≥3 h/week). | |
-Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study | -1973 (52.8 %). |