Community-wide promotion of physical activity in middle-aged and older Japanese: a 3-year evaluation of a cluster randomized trial

Table 4 Changes in physical activity from baseline to 3-year follow-up: COMMUNICATE Study

	ICC^a	Control (n = 1078)	Intervention (n = 3336)	Subgroups^b
	ICC^a	Control (n = 1078)	Intervention (n = 3336)	Group A (n = 1107)	Group FM (n = 1107)	Group AFM (n = 1122)
Overall regular physical activity, % of those meet recommendation^c	0
Adjusted change within group		−1.4 (−5.3, 2.5)	0.1 (−2.3, 2.6)	−0.5 (−4.4, 3.4)	2.7 (−1.0, 6.4)	−1.7 (−5.7, 2.3)
Adjusted change difference		(ref)	1.6 (−3.5, 6.6)	0.9 (−5.2, 7.0)	4.1 (−1.4, 9.6)	−0.3 (−6.2, 5.6)
Specific physical activity
Walking, % of those walking 150 min/w or over	0.0019
Adjusted change within group		−3.9 (−7.8, 0.1)	−3.2 (−5.5, −1.0)**	−2.0 (−5.5, 1.6)	−3.5 (−7.0, 0.1)	−4.3 (−9.9, 1.3)
Adjusted change difference		(ref)	0.6 (−4.2, 5.4)	1.9 (−3.4, 7.2)	0.4 (−4.7, 5.4)	−0.5 (−8.1, 7.2)
Flexibility activity, % of those engaging in daily	0.00033
Adjusted change within group		−2.9 (−5.9, 0.1)	0.5 (−1.2, 2.2)	0.3 (−2.9, 3.6)	3.4 (0.4, 6.5)*	−2.2 (−5.8, 1.4)
Adjusted change difference		(ref)	3.4 (−0.1, 6.9)	3.2 (−1.1, 7.5)	6.3 (1.9, 10.7)**	0.7 (−4.0, 5.4)
Muscle-strengthening activity, % of those engaging 2 days/w or over	0.0025
Adjusted change within group		−3.7 (−7.3, −0.1)*	−1.2 (−3.5, 1.1)	−1.8 (−6.1, 2.5)	1.2 (−3.2, 5.6)	−3.0 (−6.4, 0.4)
Adjusted change difference		(ref)	2.5 (−1.6, 6.6)	1.9 (−3.2, 7.0)	4.9 (−0.7, 10.5)	0.7 (−4.3, 5.7)

Group A = aerobic activity; Group FM = flexibility and muscle-strengthening activities; Group AFM = aerobic, flexibility, and muscle-strengthening activities. Estimates are adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, self-rated health, years of education, employment status, engagement in farming, chronic low back and knee pain, chronic disease history, and community (cluster) where respondents lived. Numbers are presented with their 95 % confidence intervals in parentheses. An adjusted change difference greater than zero signifies that the intervention had a positive effect (favorable for physical activity) compared with the control group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01
^aIntracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of each outcome variable at 3-year follow-up was calculated by using samples without imputation as follows: ICC = (BMS - WMS)/(BMS + [K - 1] WMS), where BMS is the between-cluster mean square, WMS is the within-cluster mean square, and K is the average number of respondents per cluster. ICC is displayed as zero if the estimated value is smaller than zero
^bAll subgroups were analyzed simultaneously
^cEngagement in regular aerobic, flexibility, and/or muscle-strengthening activities. If respondents met any one of three following conditions, the respondents are defined as “engaging in regular physical activity”: (1) engaging in 150 mins/week or more of walking, (2) engaging in daily flexibility activity, or (3) engaging 2 or more days/week in muscle-strengthening activities

ISSN: 1479-5868