Are income-related differences in active travel associated with physical environmental characteristics? A multi-level ecological approach

Rind, Esther; Shortt, Niamh; Mitchell, Richard; Richardson, Elizabeth A; Pearce, Jamie

doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0217-1

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample in relation to making a trip of interest (0.1 to 5 miles) by active means, including adults aged 16+ from urban areas, National Travel Survey 2002 and 2003

From: Are income-related differences in active travel associated with physical environmental characteristics? A multi-level ecological approach

	All trips (active & motorised)		Active trips (cycling or walking)
	^† n _weighted	%	^† n _weighted	% active	Pearson chi ²	p -value
Age group					2600.0	<0.001
16-29	55,047	26.8	6,166	11.2
30 - 49	88,960	43.3	10,120	11.4
50 - 69	41,651	20.3	8,985	21.6
70+	20,015	9.7	2,382	11.9
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4
Sex					119.7	<0.001
Males	93,521	45.5	13,618	14.6
Females	112,152	54.5	14,034	12.5
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4
Ethnicity					38.4	<0.001
White	189,176	92.0	25,239	13.3
Non-White	16,486	8.0	2,408	14.6
Total	205,662	100.0	27,647	13.4
Missing	11	<0.1%	5
Walking difficulties					371.7	<0.001
Yes	22,148	10.8	2,015	7.9
No	183,505	89.2	25,633	14.0
Total	205,654	100.0	27,648	13.4
Missing	19	<0.1%	4
Car access					8800.0	<0.001
Yes	175,691	85.4	18,736	10.7
No	29,982	14.6	8,916	29.7
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4
Bike access					1100.0	<0.001
Yes	80,576	39.2	14,224	17.7
No	125,088	60.8	13,424	10.7
Total	205,665	100.0	27,648	13.4
Missing	8	<0.1%	4
Journey distance					21000.0	<0.001
<1 mile	20,291	9.9	1,047	5.2
1 to < 2 miles	72,991	35.5	20,392	27.9
2 to < 3 miles	50,474	24.5	4,208	8.3
3 to < 5 miles	61,918	30.1	2,006	3.2
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4
Household income					849.9	<0.001
less than £25,000	99,289	48.3	15,603	15.7
£25,000 to £49,999	74,631	36.3	8,802	11.8
£50,000 and over	31,753	15.4	3,248	10.2
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4
Socio-economic deprivation					783.5	<0.001
(Carstairs tertiles)
1 (least deprived)	67,033	32.6	6,978	10.4
2	70,578	34.3	9,887	14.0
3 (most deprived)	68,062	33.1	10,788	15.8
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4
Urban classification					221.3	<0.001
population over 3 k to 10 k	10,740	5.2	1,323	12.3
population over 10 k to 250 k	88,373	43.0	12,876	14.6
population over 250 k	106,561	51.8	13,453	12.6
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4
Environmental deprivation					93.6	<0.001
(MEDIx* category)
−2/-1 (least deprived)	19,441	9.5	2,590	13.3
0	53,786	26.2	7,755	14.4
+1	101,770	49.5	13,554	13.3
+2/+3 (most deprived)	30,676	14.9	3,753	12.2
Total	205,673	100.0	27,652	13.4

†Results weighted for sample and trip bias (see Methods).
*Multiple Environmental Deprivation Index, capturing small-area exposure to multiple health-related environmental characteristics including air pollution, proximity to industry, cold climate, green space and UVB.

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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