Table 1 Sample characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes participating in a behavioral nutrition intervention trial (N = 136)

Age (years)

12.8 ± 2.6

12.6 ± 2.7

13.0 ± 2.5

0.27

Sex

 Male

66 (48.5)

35 (53.0)

31 (44.3)

0.31

 Female

70 (51.5)

31 (47.0)

39 (55.7)

Race/ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic

123 (90.4)

58 (87.9)

65 (92.9)

0.17

 Hispanic

7 (5.2)

6 (9.1)

1 (1.4)

 Black

5 (3.7)

2 (3.0)

3 (4.3)

 Other

1 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

Highest parent education level²

 High school or equivalent

8 (5.9)

4 (6.1)

4 (5.7)

0.48

 Junior college, technical or some college

27 (19.9)

11 (16.7)

16 (22.9)

 College degree

46 (33.8)

20 (30.3)

26 (37.1)

 Graduate education

55 (40.4)

31 (47.0)

24 (34.3)

Family poverty income ratio²

5.2 ± 3.1

5.5 ± 3.2

4.9 ± 3.0

0.23

Diabetes and health-related characteristics

Duration of diabetes (years)

6.0 ± 3.1

5.6 ± 2.5

6.3 ± 3.6

0.15

Insulin regimen

 Injection only

42 (30.9)

20 (30.3)

22 (31.4)

0.89

 Pump

94 (69.1)

46 (69.7)

48 (68.6)

Frequency of blood glucose monitoring (times/d)

5.7 ± 2.4

5.8 ± 2.4

5.6 ± 2.5

0.60

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

8.1 ± 1.0

8.1 ± 1.1

8.1 ± 1.0

0.95

BMI z-score

0.68 ± 0.82

0.65 ± 0.81

0.71 ± 0.84

0.65

Dietary Intake

% kcal from carbohydrate

47.9 ± 0.5

48.0 ± 0.7

47.9 ± 0.7

0.93

% kcal from protein

16.2 ± 0.2

16.1 ± 0.4

16.3 ± 0.4

0.70

% kcal from fat

35.9 ± 0.5

35.9 ± 0.7

35.8 ± 0.6

0.92

Whole plant food density

1.89 ± 0.09

1.87 ± 0.13

1.91 ± 0.13

0.84

Fruit (cup equivalents per 1000 kcal)

0.28 ± 0.03

0.29 ± 0.04

0.26 ± 0.03

0.60

Vegetable (cup equivalents per 1000 kcal)

0.53 ± 0.03

0.50 ± 0.04

0.55 ± 0.04

0.38

Whole grains (ounce equivalents per 1000 kcal)

0.69 ± 0.05

0.66 ± 0.07

0.72 ± 0.08

0.59

Legumes, nuts, and seeds (cup equivalents per 1000 kcal)

0.17 ± 0.03

0.17 ± 0.04

0.17 ± 0.03

1.00

Healthy eating index 2005

57.3 ± 1.3

57.3 ± 1.8

57.2 ± 2.0

0.99