From: Parental correlates in child and adolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis
Study, country | Sample (number, gender, mean age) | Design | Parental PA measure | Child PA measure | Results | Corrected effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alderman et al. (2010) [36] USA | N = 70 | PRO (1–9 yrs) | Parent self-report | Parent report | Children’s MVPA & parental PA: r = .44, p < .05 at baseline; r = .08, p < .05 at follow-up | .37 |
43 m, 26 f | .70* (97% respondents mothers) | .70* | ||||
4-6 yrs at baseline; 5–15 yrs at follow-up | Mean r = .26 | |||||
Ammouri et al. (2007) [37] USA | N = 284 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Adolescents’ PA & parental PA: β = .019 | .03 |
98 m, 186 f | GLTEQ | SAPAC | ||||
15.3 yrs | .70* | .80 | ||||
Berge et al. (2014) [38] USA | N = 200 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Adolescents’ MVPA & parental MVPA β = .11, p < .05 (resident parent) | .15 |
80 m, 120 f | GLTEQ | GLTEQ | ||||
14.2 yrs | .75 (80% resident parent mothers) | .72 | ||||
Dempsey et al. l(1993) [39] USA | N = 71 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Children’s MVPA & parents’ MVPA: β = −.17 | -.24 |
36 m, 35 f | Adapted GLTEQ | Adapted GLTEQ | ||||
10.2 yrs | .70* | .70* | ||||
Dowda et al. (2011) [40] USA | N = 369 | CS | Parent self-report | Accelerometer (2 wks) | Children’s MVPA & parents’ PA: β = .002 | .00 |
179m, 194 f | Sport PA .67 | .80* | ||||
4.2 yrs | Non-sport PA .71 | Direct observation | ||||
 | (92% respondents mothers) | (OSRAC-P) Inter-observer .91 | ||||
Dzewaltowski et al. (2008) [41] USA | N = 57 | CS | Child reported (adapted from the YRBSQ) | Child self-report | Children’s MVPA & parental PA: b = .22 | .29 |
18 m, 37 f | PDPAR | |||||
12.4 yrs | .90 | ICC = .64 | ||||
Fredricks & Eccles (2005) [42] USA | N = 364 | PRO (1 yr) | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Children’s sports PA & parents’ PA: r = .05 at baseline; r = .04 at follow-up | .06 |
184 m, 180 f | Sports participation | |||||
Ages 7.0-11.0 yrs at baseline | .70* | Mean r = .045 | ||||
Heitzler et al. (2010) [43] USA | N = 720 | CS | Parent self-report | Accelerometer (7 d) | Adolescents’ MVPA & parent PA: r = .07 | .09 |
352 m, 368 f | IPAQ | .80* | ||||
14.7 yrs | .70* | |||||
Hendrie et al. (2011) [44] Australia | N = 106 | CS | Parent self-report | Parent report | Children’s MVPA & parental PA: r = .145; partial r = .145 | .19 |
51 m, 55 f | Adapted from the Family Food Questionnaire α = .877 (92% respondents mothers) | CLASS | ||||
8.3 yrs | .70* | |||||
Hennessy et al. (2010) [45] USA | N = 76 | CS | Parent self-report | Accelerometer (5 d) .80* | Children’s MVPA & parental explicit modeling: β = −.04, p = .70 | -.06 |
26 m, 50 f | ICC = .55 (96% respondents mothers) | |||||
9.1 yrs | ||||||
Keresztes et al. (2008) [46] Hungary | N = 548 | CS | Child report | Child self-report | Children’s MVPA & parents’ PA: OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.15-3.80 | .41 |
301 m, 247 f | .70* | .70* | ||||
12.2 yrs | ||||||
Labree et al. (2014) [47] Netherlands | N = 1943 | CS | Parent self-report | Parent report | Children’s PA & parental modeling: r = .12, p < .05 | .17 |
970 m, 973 f | SQUASH | .70* | ||||
8.4 yrs | .70* (mostly mothers) | |||||
Lei et al. (2004) [48] Taiwan | N = 798 | CS | Child report | Child report | Adolescent MVPA & parental modeling: r = −.018, p = .616 | -.02 |
Age range: 12–18 yrs | Parent Socialization Scale | 7-day PA Survey | ||||
.70* | .82 | |||||
Loprinzi et al. (2010) [49] Austrailia | N = 156 | CS | Parent self-report | Parent report | Child PA & parents’ PA: β = −.04, p = .64 | -.06 |
75 m, 81 f | IPAQ | PAEC-Q | ||||
3.7 yrs | .70* | .70* | ||||
Loprinzi et al. (2013) [50] USA | N = 176 | CS | Parent self-report | Parent report | Children’s MVPA & parent PA: β = .17, p < .05 | .24 |
82 m, 94 f | IPAQ | PAEC-Q | ||||
4.0 yrs | .70* (85% respondents mothers) | .70* | ||||
McMurray et al. (1993) [51] USA | N = 1253 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Children’s PA & parents’ exercise habits: r = .006, p = .845 | .01 |
589 m, 664 f | .70* (70% respondents mothers) | .70* | ||||
8.8 yrs | ||||||
Moore et al. (1991) [52] USA | N = 100 | CS | Accelerometer (5 d) | Accelerometer (5 d) | Children’s PA & parents’ PA: OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2-9.8; r = .46 | .66 |
63 m, 37 f | .70* | .70* | ||||
10.4 yrs | ||||||
Mota (1998) [53] Portugal | N = 45 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Children’s PA & parents’ VPA: r = .14 | .17 |
.88 | .72 | Children’s PA & parents’ MPA: r = .13 | ||||
18 m, 27 f | ||||||
10.1 yrs | Mean r = .135 | |||||
Østbye et al. (2013) [54] USA | N = 208 | CS | Parent report | Accelerometer (7 d) | Children’s PA & parental modeling: r = .12 | .15 |
116 m, 92 f | Role modeling of PA | .80* | ||||
α = .80 (all mothers) | ||||||
2-5 yrs | ||||||
Patnode et al. (2010) [55] USA | N = 294 | CS | Parent self-report | Accelerometer (7 d) | Adolescents’ MVPA & parents’ PA: r = .003 | .00 |
149 m, 145 f | IPAQ | .80* | ||||
15.4 yrs | .70* | |||||
Perusse et al. (1989) [56] Canada | N = 1610 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Adolescents’ PA (exercise) & parental PA: r = .09, p < .05 (n = 1039) | .10 |
14.6 yrs | 3-day activity record | 3-day activity record | ||||
.97 | .91 | |||||
Pfeiffer et al. (2009) [57] USA | N = 331 | CS | Parent self-report | Accelerometer (8–10 d) | Children’s MVPA & parents’ PA: r = −.04 | -.05 |
169 m, 162 f | .78 (94% respondents mothers) | .80* | ||||
4.3 yrs | ||||||
Poest et al. (1989) [58] USA | N = 514 | CS | Parent self-report | Teacher report | Children’s PA & parents’ PA: r = .28, p = .045 | .40 |
269 m, 245 f | .70* | .70* | ||||
Preschool children | ||||||
Polley et al. (2005) [59] USA | N = 87 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Children’s PA & parents’ PA: r = .11 | .16 |
Children | .70* | .70* | ||||
Ruiz et al. (2011) [60] USA | N = 106 | CS | Accelerometer (7 d) | Accelerometer (7 d) | Children’s MPA & parents’ PA: r = .739, p < .0001 | .59 |
52 m, 54 f | .70* (97.2% respondents mothers) | .80* | Children’s VPA & parents’ PA: r = − .07, p > .05 | |||
4.2 yrs | Mean r = .4128 | |||||
Rutkowski et al. (2012) [61] USA | N = 94 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Adolescents’ MPVA & parental PA: r = −.23, p < .05 | .29 |
56 m, 28 f | IPAQ | PACE + MVPA | ||||
12.8 yrs | α = .80 | ICC = .81 | ||||
Sallis et al. (1988) [62] USA | N = 33 | PRO (2.5 yrs) | Parent self-report | FATS | Children’s MPA & parents’ PA: β = .53, p < .01 | .70 |
13 m, 20 f | .70* | .81 | ||||
3.9 yrs | ||||||
Singh et al. (2009) [63] USA | N = 68288 | CS | Parent report | Parent report | Children’s VPA & parents’ PA: r = .24* | .34 |
Age range: 6–17 yrs | .70* | .70* | *controlled for other covariates | |||
Trost et al. (2003) [64] USA | N = 380 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Adolescents’ PA & parental PA: β = .05, p = .28 | .06 |
171 m, 209 f | Test-retest | .79 | ||||
14.0 yrs | .78 | |||||
Vella et al. (2014) [65] Australia | N = 4042 | PRO (2 yrs) | Parent self-report MVPA | Parent report | Children’s PA & parental MVPA: OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, p < .05; r = .01 | .01 |
2069 m, 1973 f | .70* (96% respondents mothers) | Organized sports participation | ||||
8.3 yrs | ||||||
.70* | ||||||
Welk et al. (2003) [66] USA | N = 994 | CS | Parent self-report | Child self-report | Children’s PA & parent PA: r = .28 | .38 |
505 m, 489 f | .68 children | PAQ-C | ||||
10.0 yrs | .68 boys | .75-.82 | ||||
.67 girls | ||||||
(82% respondents mothers) | ||||||
Williams & Mummery (2011) [67] Australia | N = 295 | CS | Parent report | Child self-report | Adolescents’ MVPA & parents’ MVPA: adjusted OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.29-1.20 | -.29 |
111 m 184 f | Active Australia Survey | APARQ | ||||
15.1 yrs | .70* (67% respondents mothers) | .70* | ||||
Zecevic et al. (2010) [68] Canada | N = 102 | CS | Parent self-report | Parental report | Children’s PA & parental PA habits: OR = 1.620, p < .10; r = .1874 | .27 |
54 m, 48 f | .70* (96% respondents mothers) | .70* | ||||
3.8 yrs | ||||||
Zhao & Settles (2014) [69] USA | N = 1514 | CS | Parent self-report | Parent report | Children’s MPA & parental PA: β = −.15, p < .05 | -.17 |
763 m, 751 f | .70* | .70* | Children’s VPA & parental PA: β = −.09 | |||
11.8 yrs | ||||||
Mean β = −.12 | ||||||
Ziviani et al. (2005) [70] Australia | N = 50 | CS | Parent self-report | Pedometer (4 d) | Children’s’ PA & parents’ PA: β = .23 | .28 |
26 m, 24 f | .97-1.00 | .70* | ||||
7.7 yrs | ||||||
Ziviani et al. (2008) [71] Australia | N = 59 | CS | Parent self-report | Pedometer (4 d) | Children’s PA (weekday) & parents’ PA: r = .06 | .16 |
26 m, 33 f | .97-1.00 | .70* | Children’s PA (weekend) & parents’ PA: r = .21 | |||
8.9 yrs | ||||||
Mean r = .135 |