Perceived barriers to children’s active commuting to school: a systematic review of empirical, methodological and theoretical evidence

Table 4 **Summary of statistically significant* perceived barriers identified in reviewed studies (n = 19)**

Personal barriers (n = 6)**	Physical environment barriers (n = 18)	Social environment barriers (n = 10)
No time [56],[65]	Traffic safety (e.g., speed, volume) [32],[35],[44],[49],[50],[57],[58],[66]	Neighborhood safety [42],[44],[60]
Ease of dropping child off the way to work [42],[57]	Distance [34],[43],[56],[58],[66]	Stranger danger [64]
Heaviness of the child’s backpack [57],[64]	Freeway/highway/crosswalks [34],[38],[42],[64]	Crime/danger [58]
Child’s preference of being driven to school [56]	Road safety [30],[46]	Graffiti [39]
Walking as requiring too much planning ahead [42]	Bad weather [57],[64]	Worry child will take risk [56]
	Busy street [38]	No other child to walk with [56]
	No direct route [56]	No adults to walk with [56]
	Lack of sidewalks [57]	Few children around [59]
	No/insufficient lights or crossings [40],[59]	Getting lost [64]
		Stray dogs [64]
		Exhaust fume [64]
		Personal safety [66]
		Concern about something happening to child on the way [50]

Note: *p < .05. **Number of studies that identified the categories of perceived barriers.

ISSN: 1479-5868