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Table 3 Trip-level associations between the transportation mode used and physical activity and energy expenditure (time-standardized and distance-standardized outcomes) (n = 6,164 or 5,867 trips, N = 234 participants) a

From: Active transportation and public transportation use to achieve physical activity recommendations? A combined GPS, accelerometer, and mobility survey study

Transportation mode variable

Number of steps taken per 10 min or km of trip

MVPA per 10 min or km of trip (min)

Sedentary time per 10 min or km of trip (min)b

Energy expenditure per 10 min or km of trip (kcal)c

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Time-standardized outcomes

    

Crude classification

    

Personal motorized vehicle

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Public transportation

202.5 (177.0, 228.0)

1.8 (1.6, 2.0)

-0.6 (-0.8, -0.4)

10.7 (9.4, 12.1)

Biking

95.6 (45.1, 146.2)

0.4 (-0.1, 0.8)

-2.9 (-3.3, -2.5)

5.5 (2.8, 8.2)

Walking

500.7 (481.9, 519.5)

4.3 (4.1, 4.5)

-3.4 (-3.6, -3.3)

25.6 (24.6, 26.6)

Detailed classification

    

4-wheel motor, driving

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

4-wheel motor, passenger

-2.7 (-49.9, 44.5)

0.0 (-0.4, 0.4)

0.2 (-0.2, 0.6)

0.9 (-1.6, 3.5)

2-wheel motor vehicle

12.9 (-61.0, 86.8)

-0.2 (-0.9, 0.4)

-1.6 (-2.2, -1.0)

-1.9 (-5.9, 2.1)

Metro

213.2 (175.7, 250.8)

1.9 (1.6, 2.3)

-0.9 (-1.2, -0.7)

11.5 (9.5, 14.5)

Bus/coach

193.5 (142.7, 244.3)

1.6 (1.1, 2.0)

-1.0 (-1.4, -0.6)

10.3 (7.6, 13.0)

Train

228.8 (170.7, 286.9)

1.9 (1.4, 2.4)

-0.7 (-1.2, -0.3)

12.3 (9.2, 15.4)

Tramway

292.9 (162.9, 422.8)

2.9 (1.7, 4.0)

-1.6 (-2.6, -0.6)

15.3 (8.4, 22.2)

Biking

94.5 (42.2, 146.7)

0.4 (-0.1, 0.8)

-2.9 (-3.3, -2.5)

5.5 (2.7, 8.3)

Walking

501.9 (481.5, 522.3)

4.3 (4.1, 4.5)

-3.5 (-3.7, -3.3)

25.7 (24.6, 26.8)

Distance-standardized outcomes

    

Crude classification

    

Personal motorized vehicle

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Public transportation

122.4 (-13.9, 258.7)

1.2 (-0.1, 2.4)

0.7 (-1.1, 2.5)

7.9 (0.2, 15.5)

Biking

70.3 (-202.2, 342.8)

0.5 (-2.0, 3.0)

-0.8 (-4.4, 2.8)

4.3 (-10.9, 19.5)

Walking

1105.0 (1003.9, 1206.0)

9.6 (8.7, 10.6)

6.0 (4.6, 7.3)

58.1 (52.5, 63.8)

Detailed classification

    

4-wheel motor, driving

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

4-wheel motor, passenger

60.7 (-197.8, 319.2)

0.6 (-1.7, 3.0)

1.3 (-2.1, 4.8)

4.3 (-10.1, 18.6)

2-wheel motor vehicle

-377.1 (-771.3, 17.2)

-3.8 (-7.4, -0.2)

-2.9 (-8.1, 2.3)

-37.5 (-59.6, -15.3)

Metro

137.2 (-68.3, 342.6)

1.4 (-0.5, 3.2)

1.1 (-1.7, 3.8)

8.3 (-3.2, 19.7)

Bus/coach

311.5 (30.5, 592.5)

2.7 (0.1, 5.3)

3.5 (-0.3, 7.3)

16.6 (1.1, 32.1)

Train

21.4 (-298.3, 341.1)

0.2 (-2.8, 3.1)

- 1.7 (-6.0, 2.6)

2.6 (-15.2, 20.3)

Tramway

30.2 (-697.7, 758.1)

0.8 (-5.9, 7.5)

0.2 (-9.6, 10.1)

4.0 (-36.0, 44.0)

Biking

59.7 (-223.6, 342.9)

0.4 (-2.2, 3.0)

- 0.8 (-4.5, 3.0)

3.3 (-12.5, 19.1)

Walking

1093.1 (983.2, 1202.9)

9.5 (8.5, 10.5)

6.0 (4.5, 7.4)

56.9 (50.8, 63.1)

  1. CIconfidence interval, MVPAmoderate to vigorous physical activity.
  2. aThe multilevel linear models included a random effect at the individual level. The crude and the detailed transportation mode variables were introduced in separate models.
  3. bEach 5 second epoch was classified as sedentary or not (the regression coefficients were a posterioriconverted in min of sedentary time). See Additional file 1: Appendix 11 for the findings on sedentary time directly determined on a min basis.
  4. cEnergy expenditure was calculated with the formula of Sasaki and Freedson. See Additional file 1: Appendix 11 for findings with other definitions.