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Table 2 Trip-level associations between the transportation mode used and physical activity and energy expenditure (unstandardized outcomes) (n = 6,164 or 5,867 trips, N = 234 participants) a

From: Active transportation and public transportation use to achieve physical activity recommendations? A combined GPS, accelerometer, and mobility survey study

Transportation mode variable

Number of steps taken

MVPA (min)

Sedentary time (min)b

Energy expenditure (kcal)c

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Crude classification

    

Personal motorized vehicle

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Public transportation

1210.9 (1140.6, 1281.2)

10.2 (9.6, 10.9)

11.7 (10.5, 12.8)

60.8 (57.0, 64.5)

Biking

180.7 (41.6, 319.8)

0.7 (-0.5, 1.9)

-9.5 (-11.8, -7.3)

10.8 (3.4, 18.3)

Walking

444.7 (393.0, 496.5)

3.8 (3.4, 4.3)

-11.2 (-12.0, -10.4)

22.6 (19.9, 25.4)

Detailed classification

    

4-wheel motor, driving

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

4-wheel motor, passenger

9.9 (-115.3, 135.1)

- 0.0 (-1.1, 1.0)

2.7 (0.8, 4.6)

0.0 (-6.6, 6.7)

2-wheel motor vehicle

184.12 (-13.0, 381.3)

1.2 (-0.5, 2.0)

- 4.8 (-7.8, -1.9)

7.8 (-2.6, 18.3)

Metro

1038.3 (938.6, 1138.0)

9.2 (8.4, 10.1)

5.8 (4.2, 7.3)

52.3 (47.0, 57.6)

Bus/coach

773.8 (639.3, 908.2)

6.2 (5.1, 7.3)

4.4 (2.4, 6.5)

37.6 (30.5, 44.7)

Train

1596.3 (1442.3, 1750.4)

13.0 (11.7, 14.3)

12.7 (10.3, 15.0)

79.5 (71.4, 87.7)

Tramway

769.6 (426.3, 1112.9)

7.1 (4.1, 10.0)

- 0.5 (-5.8, 4.7)

35.6 (17.5, 53.8)

Biking

210.9 (72.1, 349.8)

0.9 (-0.3, 2.1)

- 9.2 (-11.3, -7.1)

11.9 (4.5, 19.2)

Walking

439.6 (385.2, 493.9)

3.8 (3.3, 4.2)

-11.5 (-12.4, -10.8)

22.3 (19.4, 25.2)

  1. CIconfidence interval, MVPAmoderate to vigorous physical activity.
  2. aThe multilevel linear models included a random effect at the individual level. The crude and the detailed transportation mode variables were introduced in separate models.
  3. bEach 5 second epoch was classified as sedentary or not (the regression coefficients were a posterioriconverted in min of sedentary time). See Additional file 1: Appendix 11 for the findings on sedentary time directly determined on a min basis.
  4. cEnergy expenditure was calculated with the formula of Sasaki and Freedson. See Additional file 1: Appendix 11 for findings with other definitions.