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Table 5 Associations of census tract characteristics with the likelihood of classification match by retailer type

From: Classification bias in commercial business lists for retail food stores in the U.S.

 

Food store type

 
 

Supermarket

Grocery store

Supermarket/Grocery store

Convenience store

Specialty food store

D&B

     

Hispanic

0.4001

1.2639

2.2590**

2.7429***

4.4450***

 

(0.2408)

(0.5151)

(0.7506)

(0.9268)

(1.7615)

Black

1.0559

0.7499

0.9300

0.2932***

0.7735

 

(0.6008)

(0.2940)

(0.3564)

(0.1030)

(0.2724)

Mixed race

1.4113

0.5684

0.696

0.8327

1.563

 

(0.6114)

(0.1852)

(0.2336)

(0.2491)

(0.4864)

Middle income

1.0653

0.966

0.9794

0.841

0.7884

 

(0.4812)

(0.2646)

(0.2494)

(0.2053)

(0.2044)

High income

1.2031

1.3043

1.7405

1.0486

0.6093

 

(0.6431)

(0.5068)

(0.6929)

(0.3510)

(0.2013)

N

612

612

612

612

612

InfoUSA

     

Hispanic

–  †

–  †

1.4512

1.4859

4.9112***

 

–  †

–  †

(0.4282)

(0.4627)

(1.7188)

Black

–  †

–  †

0.8169

0.5092**

1.6063

 

–  †

–  †

(0.3096)

(0.1632)

(0.5585)

Mixed race

–  †

–  †

0.8103

1.2273

1.1900

 

–  †

–  †

(0.2522)

(0.3545)

(0.3436)

Middle income

–  †

–  †

1.5333

1.0041

1.022

 

–  †

–  †

(0.4128)

(0.2352)

(0.2509)

High income

–  †

–  †

1.4804

1.5749

1.1167

 

–  †

–  †

(0.5057)

(0.4952)

(0.3417)

N

–  †

–  †

729

729

729

  1. † Not applicable because InfoUSA does not allow separately identifying supermarket from grocery stores.
  2. ‡ ** significant at the 5% level, *** significant at the 1% level.
  3. § White tracts, non-Hispanic tracts, and low income tracts were reference groups.